tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18276159767919188322024-03-07T21:34:25.408-08:00Info-KesehatanJust Another Blog to shareAnime Firehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17706945473275642779noreply@blogger.comBlogger13125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1827615976791918832.post-24406955884829759192010-05-02T23:08:00.001-07:002010-05-02T23:17:12.947-07:00<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CNIWADA%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CNIWADA%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CNIWADA%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> 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mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <div class="Section1"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">HAMBATAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">DALAM PENERAPAN K3 DAN ERGONOMI DI PERUSA<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">H</span>AAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.7pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style="">I Dewa Putu Sutjana<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style="">Bagian Fisiologi Facultas Kedokteran / Program<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>Magister Ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>-Fisiologi Kerja<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style="">Program<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>Pascasarjana <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">U</span>niver<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>itas Udayana, Kontak person:<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style="">I Dewa Putu Sutjana<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style="">Bagian Fisiologi FK.UNUD. Jalan P.B.Sudir<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>an Denpasar Bali Telp. (0361)<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style="">226132/Faks.(0361)226132/e-<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m<a href="mailto:idpsutjana@yahoo.com"><span style="color: windowtext; letter-spacing: 0pt; text-decoration: none;">ail idpsutjana@yahoo.com</span></a></span><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.55pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 216.45pt 0.0001pt 217.45pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ABSTRAK</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kesehatan</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">keselamatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">(K3)</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">merupakan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">hak</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">asasi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">ryawan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">salah</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>u</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>y<span style="">ar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">a</span></span>t <span style="">untuk</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">dapat</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">meningkatkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">produktivi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>as</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">karyawan.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">Di</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">samping</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>itu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">j</span><span style="">uga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">merupakan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">syarat</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">untuk memenangkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">persaingan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">bebas</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">di</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">era</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">globa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">l</span>isasi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">pasar</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">bebas</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">Asean</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">Free</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">Trade</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">Agrement</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">(AFTA), World</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">Trade</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">Organization</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">(WTO)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">Asia</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">Pacipic</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>Ec<span style="">onomic</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">Community(APEC).</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">Oleh</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">karena</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>itu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">untuk bisa</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ikut <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">be<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span>saing</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">di</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>ar</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bebas</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">te<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span>sebut</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">maka</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">program</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ehatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">keselamatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">harus diterapkan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">di</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">semua</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tempat</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Sedangkan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="">gonomi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">di</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">samping</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">meningkatkan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span><span style="">esehatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan keselamatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">Kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">juga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">mampu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">menin<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">g</span>katkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">produktivitas</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">Oleh</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="">karena</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>itu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">penerapan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">ergonomi dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">K</span><span style="">3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">yang</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">baik</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">di</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perusahaan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">akan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">mampu</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">meningkatkan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kesehatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">keselamatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tenaga</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja sekaligus</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">meningkatkan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">produktivitas</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerjanya.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">W<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">a</span>laupun</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">penerapan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergonomi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">di</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perusahaan telah</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">terbukti</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">mampu</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">meningkatkan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kesehatan,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">keselamatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">produktivitas</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">karyawan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">namun kenyataannya</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="">penerapan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span><span style="">rgonomi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="">di</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="">peru<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>ahaan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="">terutama</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="">di</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="">perusahaan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>kecil<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="">menengah masih</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">jauh</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dari</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">yang</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>i<span style="">harapka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Untuk</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">mengetahui</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ham<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>tan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>g</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>i<span style="">had<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>pi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>m</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">penerapan ergonomi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>perusahaan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">terutama</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">di</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perusahaan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kecil <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">menengah,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">akan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">disampaikan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">hasil observasi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">pada</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">beberapa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">perusahaan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>ecil<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">me<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span></span>e<span style="">ngah</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">di</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">di</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>li<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">sejak</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">tahun</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">1995.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">Adapun</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">hamba<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>an penerapan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span><span style="">rgonomi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">diseba<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>kan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">oleh</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>apa</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">fakt<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span>r</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">utama:</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">1)</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">hasil</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">yang</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dicapai</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">ri penerapan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">ergonomi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">baru</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">dalam</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">bentuk</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">terciptanya</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">tempat</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">yang</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">sehat,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">aman,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">nyaman</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">dan efisien,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">peningkatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">produkti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">v</span>itas</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">namun</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">belum</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">mampu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">menunjukan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">keuntungan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">l</span>am</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">bentuk uang</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">(berb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>hasa</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">perus<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>haan),</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">2)</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">M</span><span style="">anajemen</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>sahaan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>sih</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">memberikan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">prioritas</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">rendah</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a program</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">ergonomi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="">K3,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">3)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="">Prog<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ra</span>m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">yang</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="">dila<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>sanakan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>leb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span><span style="">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>nyak</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">program</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">kurat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span></span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>an dengan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">prog<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>am</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">preventif</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="">promotif</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">sehingga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">tampak</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">sebag<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">pengeluaran</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">saja.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">Di</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">samping</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span><span style="">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">ada beberapa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">fa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span></span>t<span style="">or</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">lain</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">seperti</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">kurangnya</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">penge<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>an</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="">manajemen</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">karyawan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="">mengenai</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">ergonomi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="">dan K3,terbatas<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span></span>y<span style="">a</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dana</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pengawas<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">penera<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>an</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">angsi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">oleh</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pemerintah</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kurang.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Oleh</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">karena</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>itu <span style="">penerapan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">K</span><span style="">3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>omi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">harus</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>upayakan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ar</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">mampu</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>nunjukan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>sil <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">yang</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">mengun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>ungk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n (dalam</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">bentuk</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">uang</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">atau</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">berbahasa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>rusahaan)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">tidak</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">saja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">bagi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">tenaga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">tetapi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">juga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">segera</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">tampak bagi</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">perusahaan,dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">pengawasan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">serta</span> <span style="">penerapan</span> <span style="">sangsi</span> <span style="">oleh</span> <span style="">pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erintah</span> <span style="">agar</span> <span style="">diperketat.</span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.55pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 7pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 207.7pt 0.0001pt 208.7pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ABS<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">T</span>RA<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">C</span>T<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Safety<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>health<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>basic<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>rights<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>wor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>ers<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>one<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>require<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ent<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">c</span>reased<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>the worker’s <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span>oducti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">v</span>ity. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Beside <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>that <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>safety <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>and <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>health <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>stit<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>te <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>require<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ent <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>for <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>winning <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>free co<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>petition <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>in <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gl<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span>bali<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">z</span>ation <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>nd <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Asean <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Free <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Trade <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Agree<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ent <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(AFTA), <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">W</span>orld <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Trade Organization<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">W</span>TO)<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>Asia<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>Pacific<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>Econo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>Community<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>(APEC).<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>So<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>followed<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>free trade <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>petition, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>safety <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>and <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>health <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>program<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>st <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>be <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ple<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ented <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>in <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>all <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>working <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>places. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>The ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ics, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>not <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>only <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>increased <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>healthy <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>and <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>safety <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>of <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>workers, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>but <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>also <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>increased <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the productivity.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>If<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>cs<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>safety<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>health<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>can<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ent<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>enterprises<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>safety and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>health<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>productivity<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>workers<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>increased.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>Although<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">h</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pl<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>entation<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>the ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ics<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>safety <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>and <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>health <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>principle <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>in <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>enter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">p</span>rises <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>had <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>been <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>applied <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>and <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>improved <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the healthy, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>safety <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>and <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>productivity <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>workers <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>but <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>entation <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>in <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>enterprises especially <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>in <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>all <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>and <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>edium <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>enterprises<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>are <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>still <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>far <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>from<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>expectation. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>To<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>find <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>out <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the causes<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>observation<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>study<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>had<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>been<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>done<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>during<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pl<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>entation<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ics,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>safety<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>and health<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>program<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>all<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>dium<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>eneterprises<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>Bali<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>since<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>1995.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>There<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>any<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>obstacles were<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>found<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>such<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>as:<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>1)<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>res<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>lt<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>cs,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>safety<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>health<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pl<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>tation<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>still<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>in fo<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">r</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>healthy,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>safety,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>comfort,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>efisien<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>increases<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>productivity,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>but<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>yet<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>showed<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>in fo<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">r</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>money<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>(industrial<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>languag<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">e</span>);<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>2)<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>enterprises<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anage<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ent<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>took<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>lower<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>priority<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>the ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ics, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>safety <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>and <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>health <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>program <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>in <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>operat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>on <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>of <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>enterprises; <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>3) <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>program <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>of <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ics<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>safety<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>health<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>inan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>form<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>curative<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>action<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ared<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>preventive<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>and pro<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>otive;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>4)<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>other<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>factors<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>such<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>less<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>ge<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ent<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>workers<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>knowledge<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>about<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>safety<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>and health, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ited <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>of <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>capital, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>less <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>of <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>control <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>and <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">o</span>w <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>enforc<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ent <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>of <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>govern<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ent. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>So <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>that <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pl<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>entation <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>of <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>rgono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ics <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>afety <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>and <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>health<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>program <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>should <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>be <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>attained <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>benefit <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>in fo<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">r</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>ney<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>only<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">h</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>wor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>ers<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>but<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>also<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>ent<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">e</span>rprises.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>Control<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>low<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>enforce<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">en</span>t<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">of the governe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ent should be tightening and continued.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keyword: safety and health, ergonomics, globalization, industrial language<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section2"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 9pt;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 191.75pt 0.0001pt 192.85pt; text-align: center; line-height: 11.2pt;" align="center"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">PEND<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">A</span>HULU<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">A</span>N</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 8pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.8pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kese<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">h</span>atan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">keselamatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">(K3)</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">rup<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>kan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">salah</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">satu</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pers<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="">ratan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">un<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>uk</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">meningk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>tkan produktivitas</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">kar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>awan,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">di</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">sa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span></span>i<span style="">ng</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>itu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">adalah</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">hak</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">asa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">setiap</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">tenaga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">Di</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">era</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">globalisasi dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="">pasar</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="">bebas</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="">Asean</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="">F<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span></span>ee<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="">Trade</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="">Ag<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="">ent</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="">(AF<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">T</span>A)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">World</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">Trade</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">Organization</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">(WTO)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">serta</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">A</span><span style="">s</span>ia <span style="">Pacific</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">Ec<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">o</span>moic</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">C<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">o</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>unity</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">(APEC)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">ng</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">akan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">ber<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>aku</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">tahun</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">2<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">02</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">0</span>,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">unt<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">memenangkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">persaingan bebas</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">tern<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">kesehatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">kesel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span><span style="">an</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">juga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">menjadi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>sal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">satu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">pers<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">ratan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">h<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>rus</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">dipenuhi oleh</span> <span style="">industri</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">di</span> <span style="">Indonesia.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.2pt 4.65pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 147%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">i<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">merupakan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">pendekat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>lti<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">interdisiplin</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">berup<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="">menserasikan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>alat, <span style="">cara</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">lingkungan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">terhadap</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kema<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>puan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kebolehan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">batasan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tenaga</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sehingga</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tercipta <span style="">kondisi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">sehat,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">selamat,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">ama<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span>,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span><span style="">aman</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">efisien</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 147%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: -5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">3</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 147%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: -5pt;">,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">4</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">hal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ini<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">j<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">u</span>ga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">berupa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="">menciptakan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kesehatan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">keselamatan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>gi</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tenaga</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sehingga</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="">pu</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">meningkatkan produktivitas</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerjan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="">.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Tujuan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergonomi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">h<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>ir</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>ma</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>aitu <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">untuk</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">menciptakan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kesehatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">d<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">a</span>n keselamatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Oleh</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">karena</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>itu <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perlu</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="">rapkan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">di</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">se<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">untuk meningkatkan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kesehatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">daan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">keselamatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ker<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tenaga</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">guna</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">meningkatkan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">produktivitas</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja tenaga</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Na<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>un</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">ny</span></span>a<span style="">taan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>nerapan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">di</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perusahaan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">teruta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">di</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perusahaan </span>kecil <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">menengah</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">sih</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">jauh</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dari</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dih<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>pkan.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">P<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>ogr<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>m-program</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sering mene<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span></span>ati<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span><span style="">rioritas</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="">rendah</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>te<span style="">rakhir</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="">bagi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">manajemen</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="">perusahaan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 147%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: -5pt;">(1<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">5</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Memang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kesehatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dan keselamatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bukanlah</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">segala<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">-</span>galan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a,</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>un</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tidak</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">d</span>i<span style="">sadarin<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bahwa</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tanpa</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kesehatan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan kesel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>matan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span> <span style="">segala<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">ny</span></span>a <span style="">tidak</span> <span style="">berati</span> <span style="">apa-apa.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.6pt 4.8pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Men<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>adari</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">e<span style="">nting<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">bagi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">se<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">orang</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">di</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">napun</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">berada</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="">upun</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span></span>e<span style="">rja, serta</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">adan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">pers<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="">ratan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">yang</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">harus</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">dipenuhi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">oleh</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">s<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span></span>tiap<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">perusahaan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">di</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">era</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">globalisasi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>ini<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">ka</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">tidak mau</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">upa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">untuk</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">ningkatkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">kesehatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">kesela<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">harus</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">menjadi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">prioritas</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">ko<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span><span style="">men se<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="">pihak</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="">baik</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="">pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>e<span style="">ri<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span></span>t<span style="">ah</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="">upun</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="">swasta</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="">dari</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span><span style="">ngkat</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="">pi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>inan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="">sa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span></span>ai<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="">ke</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="">seluruh</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="">karyawan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="">dalam manajemen</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span>e<span style="">rusahaan.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="">Dengan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="">tingkat</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">kesehatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">keselama<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span>an</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="">baik</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>jelas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">mangkir</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="">ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a <span style="">karena</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">sakit</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">akan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">menurun,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">bi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>ngobatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">pera<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">w</span></span>a<span style="">tan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">nurun,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">kerugian</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">akib<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">kecelakaan akan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">berkurang,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tenaga</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>erja <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">akan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="">pu</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bekerj</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dengan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>uktivitas</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="">g</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">lebih</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span><span style="">n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span></span>i<span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">keun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>ung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n akan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">meningkat</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pada</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">akhirn<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style=""> </span><span style="">kesejahte<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>aan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>awan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">maupun</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span></span>eri <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">akan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="">m</span></span>e<span style="">ningkat</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: 12.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">(</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: -4.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">1</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">2</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">5</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">6</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">7</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.8pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Untuk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">itu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">berbagai</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">up<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">hendakn<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>lakukan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">un<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>uk</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">meningkatkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">kesehatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">keselamatan kerja</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asuk</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">juga</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pen<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span></span>litian-penelitian <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dari</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pergu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>uan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span><span style="">nggi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">guna</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">ncari</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">solusi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">terbaik</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">untuk me<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span>erbaikin<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 149%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section3"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.9pt 172.05pt 0.0001pt 173.05pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">MATERI</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">DAN</span> <span style="">M<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">E</span>TODA</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.85pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kese<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span>atan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ini <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">disa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>paikan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">ha<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>batan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dalam</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">penerapan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergon<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span></span>mi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="">g merupakaan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">hasil</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">obervasi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">selama</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">penerapan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">ergon<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span></span>mi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">sejak</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">tahun</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">1<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">98</span>5</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">di</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">beberapa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">perusahaan </span>kecil <span style="">dan</span> <span style="">menengah</span> <span style="">di</span> Ba<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">l</span>i<span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.3pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 9pt;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 162.9pt 0.0001pt 163.9pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">HASIL</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DAN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">PEMBAHASAN</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dari</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">hasil</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">observasi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">selama</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">menerapkan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">prnsip</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">di</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">beberapa</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perusahaan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">k</span>ecil <span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">menengah</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">di</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>Bali<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span></span>e<span style="">roleh</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>hwa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">se<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">orang</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">se<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">man<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span></span>jer<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span>e<span style="">rusahaan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">bah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">w</span></span>a <span style="">kesehatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">keselamatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">penting</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">dalam</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">usaha</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">peningka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span></span>a<span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">produktiv<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span></span>t<span style="">as</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">perusahaann<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">Hal</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>ini ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span><span style="">ak</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">dari</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>saat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">penerimaan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">kar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>awan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">baru</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">pela<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>a<span style="">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">harus</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">lampirkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">surat</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>e<span style="">terangan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">se<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">h</span></span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">setiap pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span></span>elian <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">mesin</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">baru</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tentu</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sud<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>h</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ada</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bagai<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ana</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pengamanann<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">S<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span></span>tiap <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tahun</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dari</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">12</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">J</span>a<span style="">nuari</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">s/d</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">1</span><span style="">2</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.2pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 147%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pebruari</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">adalah</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bulan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3,</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">di</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">mana</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">se<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">u</span></span>a<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perusahaan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">diwajibkan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">melakukan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">up<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">disertai pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>a<span style="">sangan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">bendera</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">K3.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="">Sering</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">diselenggarakan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">lo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">bahkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">zero</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">eccident</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>telah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">sering dilakukan.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">Na<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>un</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="">dalam</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">penerapann<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">ha<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">baru</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>alam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">pemasangan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">d</span>era</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">saja.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">Itu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>un</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">dila<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>ukan setahun</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">sekali.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">Penerapan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">selanjutn<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>alam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">operasion<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">a</span></span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">usahanya</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">sering</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">kesehat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">keselamatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja maupun</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dilupakan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">atau</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span><span style="">ngat</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">terakhir</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kalau</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terjadi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kecelakaan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">atau</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span><span style="">siba<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">h</span>.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Dari</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">da<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span></span>a <span style="">kecelakaan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">verja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">di</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">PT.JAMSOSTEK</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>Bali<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">sejak</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">tahun</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">1995</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">j<span style="">u</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span>ai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">insident</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">kecelakaan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">dikaitkan dengan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">waktu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">terjadin<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">kecelakaan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>sajikan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">seper<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">pada</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">grafik</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">1.1</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">(</span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 147%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: -5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">8</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 147%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: -5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 147%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: -5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">1</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 147%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: -5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">0</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 147%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: -5pt;">,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">1</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>ar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">seperti</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ini<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">ha<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ir</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: 12.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">serupa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="">dari</span> <span style="">tahun</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">ke</span> <span style="">tahun</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">walaupun</span> <span style="">bu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">l</span>an</span> <span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="">l<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span></span>a <span style="">K3</span> <span style="">diadakan</span> <span style="">setiap</span> <span style="">tahun.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.65pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -8.35pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dari</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">observasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">penerapan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">K3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>go<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">di</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">beberapa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">perusahaan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">di</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>Bali<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">ada</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">factor</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">sebagai</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">pengha<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span></span>at<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 5pt;">al. <span style="">(</span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">9</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">1</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">1</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">1</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">2</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">14</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">16</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">2</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">0</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 5pt;">):</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.3pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.8pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Petugas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kesehatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">keselamatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">u</span>m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">ma<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">menunjukkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">keun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>ungan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>am</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">kesehatan dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">kesel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="">an</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">da<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">bentuk</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">uang</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">pada</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">perusa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">h</span>aan.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">Sel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>ma</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>ini<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">tujuan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">penerapan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">kesehatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">d<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>n keselamatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">baru</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">sa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span></span>ai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">pada</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">tahap</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">nciptakan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">d</span>a<span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">lingkungan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">sehat</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">aman saja,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sehing<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>awan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sehat</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sela<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>at <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dalam</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">melaksanakan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pekerjaann<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">y</span>a.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Sedangk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">penerapan</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section4"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">le<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span></span>i<span style="">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">maju</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">sedikit</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">karena</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">gup<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="">kan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ar</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">tenaga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">mpu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">bekerj</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">secara</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">sehat,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>selamat <span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">efisien</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">sehingga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">pr<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">od</span>uktivitas</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">ker<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">j</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">ningk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span></span>t.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">Dari</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">penerapan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">Ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">akan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span><span style="">u menurunkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">angka</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">kesakitan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="">upun</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">angka</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">kecelakaan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">ser<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">angka</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">absensi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">rena</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">sakit</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">kecelakaan. Apabila</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">tujuan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">sa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span></span>ai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">disitu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>saja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">u</span>dah</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">diangg<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>p</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>selesai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">wajarlah</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">para</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">manejer</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">menganggap</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">program kesehatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kesela<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span><span style="">an</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">maupun</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">h<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">un<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>uk</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kepentingan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tenaga</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>saja <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan sebagai</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pengeluaran</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">(cos<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span>)</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">saja,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">para</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>ngusaha</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tidak</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">me<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>e<span style="">ntingkan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">angka</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kesakitan,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">angka kecelakaan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">k</span>a<span style="">rena</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">mereka</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">inginkan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dari</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pen<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rapan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">d</span>a<span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">adalah</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">berapa</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span>e<span style="">ka</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">b<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>sa menekan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">atau</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">berapa</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">reka</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bisa</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">saving</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="">ney</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">atau</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">berbahasa</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">peru<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span></span>a<span style="">haan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">(Wilson</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Corlet,</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.2pt 4.8pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1990).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Disin<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>lah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a<span style="">ng</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">selalu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">njadi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">kendala</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">karena</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">pengusaha</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">mengingi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">k</span>an</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">manfaatn<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>alam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">bentuk uang</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">atau</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">penghe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>a<span style="">tan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">uang,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">sedangkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">penerapan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">bel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">u</span>m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">ma<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="">men<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>ugu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">h</span>kan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">data s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span></span>ai <span style="">kesit<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">u</span>.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 9pt;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -8.25pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Manaj<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perusahaan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="">rikan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">prioritas</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">r<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>ndah</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span><span style="">ng</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">belakang</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>da</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">progr<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>m</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="">dalam</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">program</span> <span style="">kerja</span> <span style="">perusahaan.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 4.65pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 147%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pengoperasian</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perusahaan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">apapun</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">jenis</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">usahan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>yata</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">program</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3 merupakan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">prioritas</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">rendah</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>an</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sebagai</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span><span style="">rogram</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">penting</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dalam</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perusahaan.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Sehingga</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">setiap pengusulan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="">rogram</span> <span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">s<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span></span>lalu <span style="">dana</span> <span style="">sisa</span> <span style="">setelah</span> <span style="">pro<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ram</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span> lain <span style="">selesai.</span> <span style="">Padahal</span> <span style="">program ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">mpu</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">ndukung</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">percepatan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pencapaian</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tujuan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>rusahaan.</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Dalam</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">hal</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ini <span style="">ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ungkinan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">juga</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ada</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kaitan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">karena</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">petugas</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">u</span>m</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ma<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pu</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">me<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span>unju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>kan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pada pengusaha</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">bahwa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">penera<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span></span>a<span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">mpu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">meningkatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">keuntung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">perusahaa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span>.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>erian prioritas</span> <span style="">rendah</span> <span style="">pada</span> <span style="">prgram</span> <span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">m</span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="">K3</span> <span style="">dapat</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>dilihat <span style="">dari</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 147%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: -5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">1</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 147%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: -5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">7</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 147%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: -5pt;">, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">18</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">):</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -7.35pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; line-height: 12.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="">Setiap</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">rapat</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">operasional/operat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>on</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="">eeting</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">jarang</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>a<span style="">hkan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tidak</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pernah</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>eli<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span><span style="">atkan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tenaga</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 61.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kesehatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">d<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>n</span> <span style="">kesel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.3pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -7.25pt 0.0001pt 61.4pt; text-indent: -19.5pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="">Posisi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bagian</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kesehatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">d</span>a<span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kesel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span><span style="">an</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">struktur</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">organisasi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="">r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>ng</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">di</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bawah personalia</span> <span style="">(HRD)</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -7.3pt 0.0001pt 61.4pt; text-indent: -19.5pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="">Dalam</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pemilihan,</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span></span>elian<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">atau</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">penga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>aan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>eralatan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="">upun</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">mesin</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">jara<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span>g melibatkan</span> <span style="">bagian</span> <span style="">keseha<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span>an</span> <span style="">dan</span> <span style="">keselamatan</span> <span style="">kerja.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.3pt -7.25pt 0.0001pt 61.4pt; text-indent: -19.5pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="">Dalam</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">rencana</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">penge<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>angan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">perusahaan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">atau</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">industri</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">jarang</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">melibatkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">bagian</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">kesehatan dan</span> <span style="">kesel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="">an</span> <span style="">kerja.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -7.25pt 0.0001pt 61.4pt; text-indent: -19.5pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="">Dal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">penentuan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">prioritas</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">program</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">p<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>rusahaan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">ng</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elibatk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bagian</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kesehatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan kesel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>matan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.3pt -7.25pt 0.0001pt 61.4pt; text-indent: -19.5pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="">Kalau</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">ada</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">masalah</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>seh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span></span>t<span style="">an</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">atau</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">kec<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>lakaan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">baru</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">ditegur</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">pert<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">adalah</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">ten<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>ga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">kesehat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>n dan</span> <span style="">kesel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="">an</span> <span style="">kerja.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -1pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="">Perhargaan</span> <span style="">dan</span> <span style="">insentif</span> <span style="">pada</span> <span style="">tenaga</span> <span style="">kese<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">h</span>atan</span> <span style="">dan</span> <span style="">kesel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>matan</span> <span style="">ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span></span>ja <span style="">sangat</span> <span style="">kurang.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section5"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ini <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kemungk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>nan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span></span>e<span style="">babkan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">oleh</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">karena</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">petugas</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">u</span><span style="">pun</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">erg<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span></span>mi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">u</span>m</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ma<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>u me<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span>erikan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kontri<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>si</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span></span>lam <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">manajemen</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perusa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">h</span>aan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">baik</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dalam</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">up<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">peni<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>gkatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pro<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">du</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">k</span>si, peningkataan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">saran,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">apalagi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">dalam</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">peningkatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">keuntu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>gan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">dalam</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">bentuk</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">uang.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">Seharus<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="">tujuan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">progr<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>m</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">di</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perusahaan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">selaras</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dengan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tujuan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perusahaan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>aitu <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span><span style="">tuk peningkatan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">keuntu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>gan.</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">Dalam</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">hubungan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ini<span style=""> </span><span style="">petugas</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perlu</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">lebih</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">an</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>ak berko<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>unikasi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">nganalisis</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">hasil</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pelaksa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>aan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">program</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sampai</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pada analisa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">cost</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">risk</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">serta</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">cost</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">benefit.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">Me<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>a<span style="">ng</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">me<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>butuhkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">cara</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">analisa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">lebih</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>it <span style="">dan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="">mbutuhkan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">waktu</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>leb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span><span style="">h</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>la<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="">.</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>lau</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ini <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bisa</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="">ilakukan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">ka</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">cara</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pandang manajemen</span> <span style="">terhadap</span> <span style="">petu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>as</span> <span style="">K3</span> <span style="">dan</span> <span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="">akan</span> <span style="">berubah.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 9pt;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Program</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="">dan</span> <span style="">erg<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span></span>mi <span style="">lebih</span> <span style="">ba<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ny</span>ak</span> <span style="">program</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">kuratif</span> <span style="">diband<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>ngkan</span> <span style="">p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>ogr<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>m</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.3pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 19.7pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Preventif</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">pro<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>otif.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.3pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.75pt 0.0001pt -9.25pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;" align="right"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">mela<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">k</span>sanakan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tugasn<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">petugas</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kesehatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">d</span>a<span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kesel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span><span style="">an</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">di</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perusahaan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">d</span></span>al<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">h up<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">pencegahan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">pro<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">o</span>s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">agar</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">kesehatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">k</span>eselama<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span><span style="">an</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">tenaga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">lebih</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">baik</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">sehingga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">ma<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>u bekerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">lebih</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">efisien</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">agar</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">produkt<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">v</span></span>itas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">kerjan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>lebi<span style="">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">tinggi.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">Na<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">u</span>n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">dalam</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">prak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span></span>e<span style="">kn<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">petugas</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">keseha<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span>an dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">keselamatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">jarang</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">berkunjung</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">ke</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">kar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>awan,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">sehingga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">mereka</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">kura<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span>g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">memaha<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="">apa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="">ilakukan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>awan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">sehingga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">tidak</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span><span style="">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span><span style="">erikan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">solusi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">per<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>aikan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">un<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>uk</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">meningkatkan</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: 12.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">efisiensi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">dan</span> <span style="">prod<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>ktivitas</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: -5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">19</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.8pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tenaga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kesehatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">boleh</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bilang</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ha<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>i<span style="">ndah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">k</span>an</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">polikl<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>nik</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">rumah</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sakit</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ke</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perusahaan.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Ini berarti</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">prog<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">lebih</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ban<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>ak</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">curatif,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kurang</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span><span style="">erhatikan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">langkah-langk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>h</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">preventif</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>rehabilitatif <span style="">apalagi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">up<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">pro<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>otif.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">Padahal</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">tindak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">preventif</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">pro<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>otif</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">merupakan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">program</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="">utama</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">dalam</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="">upa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="">meningkatkan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">efisiensi</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">untuk</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">ningkatkan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">produkt<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">iv</span></span>itas<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja.</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Kalau</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">han<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kuratif</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="">g dikerjakan</span> <span style="">wajar</span> <span style="">sepintas</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">han<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="">pengeluaran</span> <span style="">saja.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.2pt 4.7pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Di</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span><span style="">ing</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>itu <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tenaga</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">k</span><span style="">esehatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ser<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>ng</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kurang</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span>erhatikan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">efisie<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span>s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span>erikan pengobatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">sehingga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">sering</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">sebagai</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>borosan.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">Seb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>b</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">sering</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">diju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span></span>ai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">pem<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span>erian</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">obat</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">kurang</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">rasional dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">berlebi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">h</span>an</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kurang</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="">mper<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">h</span></span>a<span style="">tikan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">cost</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sehingga</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pengobatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">njadi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tinggi,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>i<span style="">saln<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="">pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>erian</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">obat</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span><span style="">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">15</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>biji,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">padahal</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">setelah</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>kan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">satu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">atau</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">dua</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>biji<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>uhan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">sudah</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">hilang</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">kenapa tidak</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">diberi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">3-6</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>biji<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>saja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">o</span>h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">kar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>awan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">setiap</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">hari</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">ke</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">perusahaan,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">kan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">bisa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">mengirit</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">9-12</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>biji.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">Coba</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">kalau</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.2pt -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">100</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>awan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a<span style="">ng</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">ngeluh</span> <span style="">setiap</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">hari</span> <span style="">berapa</span> <span style="">pemborosan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.3pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pene<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span></span>a<span style="">pan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">progr<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>m</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kesehatan,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">keselama<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>an</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="">upun</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">harus</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">selalu</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">diingat bahwa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="">nusia</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="">sebagai</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="">tenaga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>miliki<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="">kem<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>puan,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">kebolehan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">ket<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>rbatasan,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">se<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">d</span>angkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">setiap pekerjaan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">ng</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">akan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dih<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>dapi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>awan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dapat</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>kel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pokkan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dalam</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">task,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>ganisasi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">linkungan. Dalam</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pene<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span></span>a<span style="">pan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">program</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">keseha<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span>an,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">keselamatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span></span>rja <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span>gono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">diusahakan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">agar</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">task, organisasi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">lingkungan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>ini<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">diserasi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">k</span></span>a<span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">dengan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">kema<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">m</span>puan,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">kebolehan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">batasan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">manusia</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">(to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>fit<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">the</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section6"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 4.6pt 4.85pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 148%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">task</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">to</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a<span style="">n)</span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 148%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: -5pt;">7 <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">sehingga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tercipta<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">kondisi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">sehat,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">am<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">an</span>,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>an,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">efektif</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">efisien.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">Ini</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">dapat dilakukan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">apabila</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">prinsip</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">keseha<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span>an,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">keselamatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span>gono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dite<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span></span>a<span style="">pkan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sejak</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perencanaa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span>. </span>Tetapi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">apabila</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">task,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">organisasi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">lingkungan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">d</span><span style="">ak</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="">pu</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">d</span>i<span style="">serasikan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dengan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">baik</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">baru</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="">nus<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span></span>a <span style="">men<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>esuaikan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">diri</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">terhad<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>p</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">tugas</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">diberikan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">(to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">f</span>it<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">man</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">task).</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">Ini</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">perlu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">diperhatikan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">untuk me<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i<span style="">nimalkan</span> <span style="">resiko</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="">ungkin</span> <span style="">timbul</span> <span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">ningkatkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">pr<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span>dukti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">v</span></span>itas <span style="">kerjan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.3pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 9pt;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Kurang<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">pengetahuan</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">mengen<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span></span>i <span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="">ergo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>omi</span> <span style="">dari</span> <span style="">pih<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>k</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="">najemen</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">upun</span> <span style="">ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>awan.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.3pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.8pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengetahuan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">manajemen</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">d</span>a<span style="">n</span> <span style="">k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>awan</span> <span style="">mengenai</span> <span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="">asih</span> <span style="">sangat</span> <span style="">kurang</span> <span style="">seh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>ngga sering</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">njadi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">faktor</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pengha<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span></span>at <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dalam</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">penerapan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">m</span></span>i. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Tetapi <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elalui <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">penjelasan mengenai</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">maksud</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span><span style="">an</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">diterapan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sering</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="">mba<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span>tu</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">me<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>erlancar</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bahkan menjadi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pemacu</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">program</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">selanjutn<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="">.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Oleh</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>na</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>itu <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sebelum</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">menerap<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">k</span>an</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">program</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="">upun ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">haruslah</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">dijelaskan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">dengan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">sebaik-baik<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">maksud</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">tujuan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">pr<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">og</span>ram</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">akan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">diterapkan kepada</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="">naje<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>e<span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">maupun</span> <span style="">ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>awan.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 9pt;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Keterbata<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>an</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="">odal</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.3pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.7pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Akibat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">prog<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>am</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>m</span><span style=""> </span>jelas <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">manfaatn<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dari</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sudut</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">g</span>eluaran</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>e<span style="">untunga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">serta terjadin<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">pengeluaran</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">besar</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">untuk</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">pelaksanaan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">program</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="">apalagi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">disertai</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="">odal <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="">g</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">terbatas</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">maka</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pelaksanaan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">program</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tidak</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">menjadi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">prioritas</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bagi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">manajemen maupun</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">y</span>awan.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Wala<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">u</span>pun</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="">odal</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">terbatas</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kalau</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tuj<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>an</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">prog<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>am</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sudah</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jelas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">apalagi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ma<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pu</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">untuk menekan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">pe<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">g</span>eluaran</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">bisa</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>ningkatkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">keun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>ungan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="">ka</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="">odal</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">terbatas</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">kem<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">u</span>ngkinan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">bisa disisihkan</span> <span style="">u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>tuk</span> <span style="">penerapan</span> <span style="">program</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="">dan</span> <span style="">erg<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span>mi.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 9pt;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Pengawasan</span> <span style="">dan</span> <span style="">pen<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>rapan</span> <span style="">sangsi</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span> le<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="">h</span> <span style="">oleh</span> <span style="">pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="">rintah.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.3pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.85pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penerapan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">peraturan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a<span style="">ng</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">tidak</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="">disertai</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">dengan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ng</span></span>a<span style="">wasan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="">sangsi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>etat<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">kon<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>u seperti</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">penerapan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">program</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">tidak</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">akan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">bisa</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span>e<span style="">rjalan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sesuai</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>harapkan.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Na<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>n dengan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">adan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>ntutan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">konsu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>en</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">atau</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">para</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="">rtir</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pelaksanaan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="">njadi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">katego<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span></span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">diterima</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">atau tidak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="">p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>uk</span> <span style="">suatu</span> <span style="">per<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>sahaan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">maka</span> <span style="">mau</span> ti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">d</span><span style="">ak</span> <span style="">mau</span> <span style="">program</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span> <span style="">harus</span> <span style="">dilak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>anakan.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.3pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 9pt;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 205.55pt 0.0001pt 206.65pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">SIMPULAN</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.9pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dari</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">bebe<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a<span style="">pa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">hasil</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">obse<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span>vasi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="">jak</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">ta<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">h</span>un</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">1995</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">dapat</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">dis<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pulkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">bahwa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>ah</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">keseha<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span>an</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">dan keselamatan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">masih</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span>a<span style="">n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>ak</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span>ai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">diperusahaan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">.</span>-perusahaan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">di</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>Bali. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Hal</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>ini<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">diduga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">sebagai</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">salah satu</span> <span style="">pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>ebab</span> <span style="">rendah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">prod<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>ktivitas</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span> <span style="">kar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>awan.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.2pt -7.3pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penerapan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kesehatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kesel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span><span style="">an</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="">sering</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>dit<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span><span style="">atkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">pada</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">prioritas</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">rendah</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="">terakhir dalam</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">operasional</span> <span style="">perusahaan,</span> <span style="">hal</span> ini <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>i<span style="">sebabkan</span> <span style="">oleh</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">beberapa</span> <span style="">factor:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 149%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section7"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt -7.25pt 0.0001pt 59.9pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Petugas</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">d</span>a<span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">belum</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ma<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span>u</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">nun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">j</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>an</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">keuntung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">dari</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">program</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">kesehatan dan</span> <span style="">kesel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="">an</span> <span style="">kerja</span> <span style="">atau</span> <span style="">b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>lum</span> <span style="">m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span>u</span> <span style="">berbahasa</span> <span style="">perusahaan.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -7.35pt 0.0001pt 59.9pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Manajemen</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">masih</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="">me<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span>erikan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">priori<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>as</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">rendah</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">terakhir</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>da</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">prog<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>am</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">ergo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>omi dalam</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">program</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span> <span style="">perusahaann<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.3pt -7.3pt 0.0001pt 59.9pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Dalam</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">mene<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span></span>a<span style="">pkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">progr<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span>gono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>tugas</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">lebih</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">banyak</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="">kasa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span>akan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">program kuratif</span> <span style="">diba<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">d</span>ing</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">program</span> <span style="">preventif</span> <span style="">d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span> <span style="">pro<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>otif,</span> <span style="">dan</span> <span style="">sering</span> <span style="">kur<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>ng</span> <span style="">efisien.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -7.35pt 0.0001pt 59.9pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Modal</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="">ngetahuan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="">mengenai</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">erg<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span></span>mi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="">asih</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">kura<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">j<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ug</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">njadi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="">faktor pengha<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span></span>at.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -7.4pt 0.0001pt 59.9pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Pengawasan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sangsi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">yang</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lem<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">h</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">dari</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>e<span style="">rintah</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>a<span style="">nfaatkaan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="">na<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="">men</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">sehingga kurang</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span><span style="">erhatikan</span> <span style="">pen<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>rapan</span> <span style="">K3</span> <span style="">dan</span> <span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.2pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 9pt;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 216.3pt 0.0001pt 217.3pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">SARAN</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.65pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Agar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">pelaksanaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">program</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">K3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">daan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">bisa</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">e</span>rjalan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">dengan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">baik</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span><span style="">tuk</span> <span style="">me<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span>antu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">peningkatan produktivitas</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perusahaan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kesejah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span></span>e<span style="">raan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>ara<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">k</span></span>at <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">maka</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pihak</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">harus</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">beker<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>ma</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>cara sinergis:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.7pt 0.0001pt 45.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="">Pengusaha</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">(pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>beri</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kerja)</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">harus</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">me<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>adari</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ba<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">h</span>w</span>a<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pelaksa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span>aan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">untuk meningkatkan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">keunt<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">perusahaan.</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Oleh</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">karena</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>itu<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Program</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">K3</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">harus diiku<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>kan</span> <span style="">da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">l</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">operasio<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span></span>al <span style="">perusahaa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span>.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.2pt -7.9pt 0.0001pt 45.7pt; text-indent: -21.8pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="">Kar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>awan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>bagai</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">tenaga</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="">kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">harus</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>mentaati<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span><span style="">uran</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">–aturan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">prinsi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>-prinsip</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="">erg<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span>nomi dengan</span> <span style="">baik</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span> <span style="">benar</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">rupakan</span> <span style="">kewajibann<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="">dal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>m</span> me<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="">ksanakan</span> <span style="">pekerjaan.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -7.7pt 0.0001pt 45.7pt; text-indent: -21.8pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="">Pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>e<span style="">rintah</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">(pengawas)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="">rus</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="">melakukan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">tugas</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">pengawasan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">dengan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">ben<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>r,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">konsekwen</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dengan penerapan</span> <span style="">sangsi</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span> <span style="">te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span>as</span> / <span style="">tanpa</span> <span style="">pandang</span> <span style="">b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>lu.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 4.8pt 0.0001pt 45.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="">Mas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>arakat</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>te<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">suk</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">LSM</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>/ <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">N<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">G</span>O</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">harus</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ikut</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span><span style="">lalukan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="">onitoring</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">terut<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>ma</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">kalau</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">sa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">p</span></span>ai terjadi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pence<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span>an</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">lingkungan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a<span style="">ng</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dapat</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span><span style="">aha<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>akan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">kesehatan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">keselamatan mas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>arakat.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Kalau</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ada</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">k</span><span style="">ecendrungan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">baha<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">saj</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">harus</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">sudah</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dicarikan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">solusi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">jangan menunggu</span> te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>j<span style="">adin<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="">kecelakaan</span> <span style="">atau</span> <span style="">pen<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>akit.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.3pt 4.8pt 0.0001pt 45.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="">Perguruan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span><span style="">nggi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elalui <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pro<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>ek</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">penelitian</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">atau</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">pengabdiann<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">harus</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">ikut</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">berpatisipasi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">aktif dalam</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="">penerapan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">program</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">K3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">un<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>uk</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">ikut</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span><span style="">anntu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="">ningkatkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="">kesejahte<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span>aan mas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>arakat.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 9pt;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 183.8pt 0.0001pt 184.8pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">DAFTAR</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">PUST<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">A</span>KA</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.55pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Adiputra,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">N.;Sutjana,</span> <span style="">D.P.;</span> <span style="">Su<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>asning,</span> <span style="">H.I.;Ti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">yasa,</span> <span style="">K.</span> <span style="">(2001).</span> <span style="">”Gangguan</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section8"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.8pt -7.3pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Muskuloske<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">l</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">etal<span style=""> </span><span style="">Kar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>awan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">Beberapa</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">Perusahaan</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">K<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span></span>cil<span style=""> </span><span style="">di</span><span style=""> </span>Bali”.<span style=""> </span><i><span style="">Jurnal</span><span style=""> </span><span style="">Ergonomi</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; line-height: 12.6pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Indonesia.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">V</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">l.1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">No<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">.</span>1</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Ju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span></span>i: <span style="">6-9.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 10.25pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Arjani,</span> <span style="">I.A.M.S.</span> <span style="">(2<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">0</span>03).</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">“Penggunaan</span> <span style="">Meja</span> <span style="">Conveyor</span> <span style="">Menur<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">un</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">k</span>an</span> <span style="">Beb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span> <span style="">Kerja</span> <span style="">dan</span> <span style="">Keluhan Muskuloske<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">l</span></span>etal <span style="">Serta</span> <span style="">Meningkatkan</span> <span style="">P<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>odukt<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">v</span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span><span style="">as</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>erja <span style="">Pekerja</span> <span style="">Penggergajian</span> <span style="">Ka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Dengan mesin</span> <span style="">Benso</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">di</span> <span style="">Desa</span> <span style="">Sangeh”.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><i><span style="">Tesis</span></i><span style="">.</span> <span style="">P<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span>gram</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Magies<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span>er</span> <span style="">Prgogram</span> <span style="">Pascasarja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span></span>a <span style="">Universitas Uda<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>ana</span> <span style="">Denpasar.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: 12.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Grandjean,</span> <span style="">E.(19<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">9</span>3).</span> <span style="">“F<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>tting</span> <span style="">the</span> <span style="">task</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">to</span> <span style="">the</span> <span style="">Man..”</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><i><span style="">A</span> <span style="">Texbook</span> <span style="">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Occupational</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Ergonomics.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">4</span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: -5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: -5pt;">h <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ed.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; line-height: 12.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lond<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span>n.T<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">or</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">&</span> <span style="">Francis.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Manuaba,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">A.</span> <span style="">(1998).</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">“Penerapan</span> <span style="">Ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="">untuk</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">M<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>ningkatk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Kualitas</span> <span style="">Su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span>er</span> <span style="">Da<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="">Manusia</span> <span style="">Dan</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Produkt<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">v</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">itas”. <i><span style="">Bunga</span> <span style="">R<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>mpai</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Ergo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">no</span>m</span>i </i><span style="">Vol.1</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -7.9pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Purnawati,S.</span> <span style="">(2002).</span> <span style="">“Keluhan</span> <span style="">Muskuloskeletal</span> <span style="">Kar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>awan</span> <span style="">pada</span> <span style="">CV.DS</span> <span style="">di</span> <span style="">desa</span> <span style="">Ma<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span></span>”<span style="">.</span> <i><span style="">Jurnal</span> <span style="">Ergo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>omi</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Indonesi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">V</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="">l.3</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="">.1</span> <span style="">J<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span></span>: <span style="">41-<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">4</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">8</span>.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt -8.7pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 12.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Rus<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ini,</span> <span style="">N.N.A.</span> <span style="">(200<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">4</span>).</span> <span style="">“Perubahan</span> <span style="">s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>stem</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Kerja</span> <span style="">Rotasi</span> <span style="">6-6</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">M</span>e<span style="">njadi</span> <span style="">Rotasi</span> <span style="">2-2</span> <span style="">Menur<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">un</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">k</span>an</span> <span style="">Keluhan Subjektif</span> <span style="">dan</span> <span style="">Kelelahan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">S</span><span style="">upir</span> <span style="">Taksi</span> <span style="">di</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Denpasa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span>”.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><i><span style="">Tesis</span> </i><span style="">Program</span> <span style="">magister</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>ic<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Program Pasc<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>sarja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span></span>a <span style="">Universitas</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Ud</span><span style="">a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>ana</span> <span style="">Denpasar.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.5pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 12.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Sutaj<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">M.</span> <span style="">(19<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">9</span>8).</span> <span style="">“<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span>erbaikan</span> <span style="">Kondisi</span> <span style="">Kerja</span> <span style="">M<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>ngurangi</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Keluhan</span> <span style="">Musk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">l</span><span style="">osk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span></span>letal, <span style="">Beban</span> <span style="">kerja</span> <span style="">dan Kelelahan</span> <span style="">Serta</span> <span style="">Meningkatkan</span> <span style="">Produkt<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>v</span>itas <span style="">Pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>a<span style="">t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">u</span>ng</span> <span style="">di</span> <span style="">Desa</span> Peliatan <span style="">Ubud”.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><i><span style="">Tesis</span> </i><span style="">Program Magister</span> <span style="">Ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>i <span style="">Program</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">P</span><span style="">ascasarj<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>na</span> <span style="">Universitas</span> <span style="">Uda<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>ana</span> <span style="">Denpasar.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: 12.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8.Sutjana,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">D<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">.</span>P.</span> <span style="">(2000).</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span style="">Working</span> <span style="">Accident</span> <span style="">A<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ong</span> <span style="">MillIng</span> <span style="">Ope<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>ators</span> <span style="">of</span> <span style="">Roof</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Tile <span style="">H<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>e <span style="">I<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span>dust<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>y</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>at<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pejaten</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">and</span> <span style="">N<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>itdah</span> Vill<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="">ges</span> <span style="">Tabanan</span> <span style="">regenc<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>”<span style="">.<i>J.Occup</i></span><i> <span style="">Health</span> </i><span style="">no.42..</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">9.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Sutjana,</span> <span style="">I<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">.</span>D.P.</span> <span style="">(2002<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">)</span>.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">”Sikap</span> <span style="">Kerja</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">Paksa</span> <span style="">Petugas</span> <span style="">Ground</span> <span style="">Handling</span> <span style="">Bandara</span> <span style="">Ngurah</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Rai <span style="">Tuban”.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jurnal</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">ergo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>omi</span> <span style="">Indones<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.Vol.1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">No<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">.</span>1</span> <span style="">Juni,</span> <span style="">hal11<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">-1</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">4</span>.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt -9.15pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 99%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">10.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span></span>j<span style="">ana,</span> <span style="">I<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">.</span>D.P.;</span> <span style="">Widana,</span> <span style="">K.;</span> <span style="">S<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>asn<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>ng,H.I.</span> <span style="">(<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">1</span>99<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">7</span>).</span> <span style="">“Prilaku</span> <span style="">Petani</span> <span style="">Yang</span> <span style="">Berkontri<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>si</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">T</span>e<span style="">rhadap Ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ungkinan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Keracunan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Pestisida</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">di</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">desa</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Bat<span style="">un<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Kecamatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">batur</span>iti <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Kabupaten</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Tabanan”. <i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>jalah</i></span><i> <span style="">Ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>kteran</span> <span style="">Udayana</span> </i><span style="">Vol<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">.</span>28</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">N</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="">.98</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Ok<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>ober</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Hal.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">241-2<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">4</span>5.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -4.2pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">11.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span></span>j<span style="">ana,</span> <span style="">I<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">.</span>D.P.</span> <span style="">(1998<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">)</span>.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">“Pen<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>esuaian</span> <span style="">Tinggi</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">M</span><span style="">on<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>tor</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Ko<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>puter</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Mengurangi</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Keluhan</span> <span style="">Leher</span> <span style="">dan</span> <span style="">Bahu</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Operator</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Ko<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pute<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span>”.</span> <i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">jalah</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Kedokt<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>ran</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Udayana</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span></i><span style="">Vol.29</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">9</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">9</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">.</span><span style="">Januari.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 23.7pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 99%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">12.Sutjana,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">I<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">.</span>D.P.;</span> <span style="">Adiput<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span></span>a<span style="">,N.;</span> <span style="">Widana,</span> <span style="">K.;</span> <span style="">Suw<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>tra,K.(1999).“Perbaikan</span> <span style="">sikap</span> <span style="">Kerja</span> <span style="">Mengurangi Keluhan</span> <span style="">Muskuloskeletal</span> <span style="">Perajin</span> <span style="">Ukiran</span> <span style="">K<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>u</span> <span style="">Perusahaan</span> <span style="">Jt.di</span> <span style="">Desa</span> <span style="">Tangeb</span> <span style="">Kabupaten Badung”.</span> <i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">jalah</span> <span style="">Kedokt<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>raan</span> <span style="">Udaya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>a</span> </i><span style="">Vol.30</span> <span style="">N0<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">.</span>106</span> <span style="">Ok<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>ober.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">13.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Sutjana,</span> <span style="">I.D.P.</span> <span style="">1999).</span> <span style="">“Profil</span> <span style="">Kecel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">ak</span>aan</span> <span style="">Kerja</span> <span style="">di</span> Bali”.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><i><span style="">Kongres</span> <span style="">Nasional</span> <span style="">IX</span> <span style="">dan</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Seminar</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nasional</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">XI</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">I</span><span style="">AIFI</span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">18-<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">1</span>9</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Nope<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>er</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">di</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">bandu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>g.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.7pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">14.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span></span>j<span style="">ana,</span> <span style="">I.D.P.</span> <span style="">(2000<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">)</span>.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">“Subjective</span> <span style="">Co<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>p</span>laint <span style="">of</span> <span style="">Denpasar</span> <span style="">Jakarta</span> <span style="">Bus</span> <span style="">Passangers”.</span> <i><span style="">APCHI-SEAES Conference</span></i><span style="">,</span> <span style="">tgl.</span> <span style="">27</span> <span style="">Nop-</span> <span style="">1</span> <span style="">Desember</span> <span style="">di</span> <span style="">Singapore.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: 12.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">15.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span></span>j<span style="">ana,</span> <span style="">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">D.P.</span> <span style="">(2004<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">)</span>.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">“Penelitian</span> <span style="">K3</span> <span style="">Pada</span> <span style="">Beberapa</span> <span style="">Perusahaan</span> <span style="">di</span> Bali”.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><i><span style="">Konvensi</span> <span style="">Nasional</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">K3,</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">25-26</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Agustus.</span> <span style="">Di</span> <span style="">Jakarta.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 11.55pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span></span>j<span style="">ana,</span> <span style="">D.P.;</span> <span style="">Ar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>asena,</span> <span style="">G.</span> <span style="">(2003).</span> “ <span style="">Mengurangi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">kepadatan</span> lalu lintas <span style="">di</span> <span style="">kota</span> <span style="">Denpasar</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>melalui <span style="">pendekatan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="">rtisipasi”.</span> <i><span style="">Seminar</span> <span style="">Ergo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>omi</span> <span style="">FTI</span> <span style="">Trisakti</span> </i><span style="">,</span> <span style="">9-<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">1</span>0</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">A<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span></span>ril <span style="">20<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">0</span>3</span> <span style="">di</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>tel <span style="">Peninsu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">l</span></span>a <span style="">Jakarta.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 41.6pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 12.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">17.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span></span>j<span style="">ana,</span> <span style="">D.P.;</span> <span style="">Sutajaya,</span> <span style="">M.;</span> <span style="">Purn<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>w</span>ati, <span style="">S.;</span> <span style="">Ery</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">S.;</span> <span style="">Tunas,</span> <span style="">K.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">(2005).</span> <span style="">“Perbaikan</span> <span style="">desain</span> <span style="">cara angkat</span> <span style="">adan</span> <span style="">angkut</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">sesuai</span> <span style="">antropo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>etri<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">mengu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>angi</span> <span style="">keluhan</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span><span style="">sc<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">u</span>loskeletal,</span> <span style="">beban</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; line-height: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kerja</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">dan</span> <span style="">kelelahan</span> <span style="">pada</span> <span style="">pek<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span></span>rja <span style="">di</span> <span style="">PT</span> <span style="">SR</span> <span style="">Gian<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>a<span style="">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Bali”. <i><span style="">Seminar</span> <span style="">Nasional</span> P<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span><span style="">rancang<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Produk</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">20<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">0</span>5,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Collaborati<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">v</span></span>e <span style="">Product</span> <span style="">Design,</span> <span style="">FT.UAJY</span> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16-<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">1</span>7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Peb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>uari</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">20<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">0</span>5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">di</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yog<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>akarta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 36.7pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 99%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">18.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span></span>j<span style="">ana,</span> <span style="">D.P.</span> <span style="">(2005<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">)</span>.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">“Unsa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">f</span></span>e act <span style="">as</span> <span style="">the</span> <span style="">risk</span> fac<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span><span style="">ors</span> <span style="">of</span> <span style="">accidents</span> <span style="">in</span> <span style="">using</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>mill <span style="">in</span> <span style="">roof</span> t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>le <span style="">indust<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>y</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>at <span style="">P<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span></span>jaten vill<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">ge</span> <span style="">Tabanan</span> <span style="">Regenc<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span></span>”<span style="">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><i><span style="">Inter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>ation<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span></span>l <span style="">conf<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>rence</span> <span style="">on</span> <span style="">occupati<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span>nal health</span> <span style="">aspec<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>s</span> <span style="">of</span> <span style="">industrial</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">development</span> <span style="">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span><span style="">formal</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">sector</span> <span style="">200<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">5</span></span></i><span style="">.,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">29</span> <span style="">Nop-1</span> <span style="">Des</span> <span style="">2005</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">di</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Yo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>akar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span></span>a<span style="">.</span> <span style="">Diselenggarakan</span> <span style="">oleh</span> <span style="">Dep.Kes.</span> <span style="">RI.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 30.3pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">19.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span></span>j<span style="">ana,</span> <span style="">D.P.</span> <span style="">(</span> <span style="">20<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">0</span>5).</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">“Desain</span> <span style="">pro<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>uk</span> <span style="">dan</span> <span style="">resik<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">on</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>a”.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><i><span style="">The</span> <span style="">a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>plication</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">of</span> t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span><span style="">chnology</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="">ward</span> <span style="">a better</span> life. <span style="">UTY</span> <span style="">Yogyakar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span></span></i><span style="">,</span> <span style="">10</span> <span style="">Dese<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span>er</span> <span style="">2005.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: 12.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">20.Wilson,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">J.R.;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Corlett,</span> <span style="">N.E.</span> <span style="">(19<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">9</span>0).</span> “<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">E</span><span style="">valuation</span> <span style="">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">H<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span></span>a<span style="">n</span> <span style="">Work”.</span> <span style="">A</span> Practical <span style="">ergono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ics</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.8pt -1pt 0.0001pt 20.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Metholo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>y.<i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>ylor</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">&</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">Francis</span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.799-81<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">5</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> Anime Firehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17706945473275642779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1827615976791918832.post-7026618422866147222010-05-02T03:36:00.000-07:002010-05-02T03:46:34.900-07:00PENGARUH PERBAIKAN GIZI KESEHATAN TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS KERJA<div class="fullpost"></div><meta 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{mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <div class="Section1"><div style="text-align: center;"> </div> <div> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.2pt 63.65pt 0.0001pt 98.15pt; text-indent: -23pt; line-height: 16.1pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PENGARUH</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PERBAIKAN</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">GIZI</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">KESEHATAN TERHADAP</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">PRODUKTIVITAS</span> <span style="">KERJA</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.2pt 63.65pt 0.0001pt 98.15pt; text-indent: -23pt; line-height: 16.1pt; text-align: center;">
<br /><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 131.05pt; line-height: 11.4pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> I GUSTI AYU ARI AGUNG</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 131.05pt; line-height: 11.4pt; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 131.05pt; line-height: 11.4pt; text-align: left;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> F<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>lt<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>s MIPA<span style=""> </span>U<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>iversit<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>s Hi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>u Ind<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">on</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>a</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 189.4pt 0.0001pt 190.4pt; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ABS<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">T</span>RACT</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.75pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 99%;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 99%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>prevalance<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>iron<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>deficiency<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>still<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>high<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>Indonesia.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Iron<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>essential component <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>haemoglobin <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(essential <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>of<span style=""> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>ll <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>respiration/carr<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>er <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>O2 <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>and <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>CO2<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">)</span>, component <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>several <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>enzymes <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>that <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>play <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>important <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span>le <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>in <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>some <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>metabolic <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pr<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">oc</span>esses. Iron <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>deficiency <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>causes <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>reduction <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>in <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ount <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>of <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>enzymes, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>among <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>others <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>enzymes akonitase, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>katalase, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>onoaminoksidase, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>mie<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>operoksidase,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ribonukleotidil<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>reduktase, suksinat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>dehirogenase,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>tiros<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>n hidrolse, triptofan pirrolase<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>dan xantin oksidase.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 99%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.55pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Overcoming<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>deficiencies<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>nutrition<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">c</span>ontrolling<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>prevailing<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>diseases produces stronger,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>more<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>energetic<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>workers,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>reduces<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">u</span>mber<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>work<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>days<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>lost<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>because<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>illness, lengthe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">h</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>working <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>life <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>span <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>and <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>inc<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>eases <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">c</span>ognitive <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>kills.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>The <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fl<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span>w <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>of <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ear<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>is thereby<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>increased<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>above<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>what<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>it<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>would<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>have<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>abcence<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>proved<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>nutrition and health.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Many <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>studies <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>indicate <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>measurable <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>correlation <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>between <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>better <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>nutrition, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>health and<span style=""> </span>higher<span style=""> </span>productivity<span style=""> </span>and<span style=""> </span>better<span style=""> </span>incom<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>,<span style=""> </span>which<span style=""> </span>have<span style=""> </span>important<span style=""> </span>functional consequences of public health, social and economic<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>significance.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Key words :<span style=""> </span>nutrition, health,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>iron deficiency, productivity.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.65pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 7pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1.4pt 4.65pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 20.7pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sentral <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bangunan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>nasional <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>GBHN <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>adalah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>peningkatan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kualitas su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ber<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>daya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anusia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>arah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>peningkatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>kec<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">e</span>rdasan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>produktivitas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>erja. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>S<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>lah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>satu upaya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>puny<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cukup <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terhadap <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>peningkatan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kualitas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sumber daya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anusia<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>adalah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>upaya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>peningkatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>status<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>zi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asyarakat.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Stat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>gizi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asyarakat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erupakan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>salah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>satu <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">f</span>aktor <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enentukan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kualitas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hidup <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>produktivitas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kerja. Sejalan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>itu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>perlu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>perhatian<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>terhadap<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>salah-<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asalah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>berhubungan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>dengan kesehatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>kerja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>serta<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>faktor-faktor<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>hubungannya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>seperti<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>eadaan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>gizi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>golong<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>n pekerja <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>serta <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cara-cara <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>mperbaiki <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>atus <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>golongan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ini <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>se<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akin <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penting <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk dit<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>liti.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gizi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>adalah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat-zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diper<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span>leh <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dikonsu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>si, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>mpunyai<span style=""> </span>nilai<span style=""> </span>yang<span style=""> </span>sangat<span style=""> </span>penting<span style=""> </span>(tergantung<span style=""> </span>dari<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m-<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m<span style=""> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>han <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akananny<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>) <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>emperoleh <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>guna <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>lakukan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>kegiatan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>fisik<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>sehari-hari<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>bagi para <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pekerja.<span style=""> </span>Ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>uk <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>meli<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">h</span>ara <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>proses <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuh <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pertu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>buhan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section2"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt 4.7pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">perke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bangan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yaitu <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penggantian <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sel-sel <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>rusak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sebagai <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pelindung <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m tubuh<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(dengan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cara<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjaga<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>sei<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bangan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cairan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuh).<span style=""> </span>Proses<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuh<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam pertu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>buhan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>perke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bangan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terpelihara<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>baik<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enunjukkan baiknya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>ehatan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>iliki <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seseorang.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">S</span>eseorang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ya</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sehat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tentunya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>iliki daya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pikir<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>daya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kegiatan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fisik<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sehari-hari<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cukup<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tinggi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(Marsetyo<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan Kartasapoetra, 1991).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tubuh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anusia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erlukan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>seju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>pangan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>gizi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>secara<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>tetap,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>sesuai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>dengan standar<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kecukupan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gizi,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>un<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kebutuhan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>ebut<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>selalu<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terpenuhi. Penduduk <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>skin <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>endapatkan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pangan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gizi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cukup. Mereka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enderita<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>lapar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>pangan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>gizi,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enderita<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>gizi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>rang.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>(Sri<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>Handajani,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.85pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1996).<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Keadaan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gizi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seseorang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erupakan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gambaran <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>apa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dikonsu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>sinya <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m jangka waktu yang cukup la<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a.<span style=""> </span>Bila kekurangan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>itu ringan, tidak akan diju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pai penyakit defisiensi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>nyata,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>tetapi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>timbul<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>konsekwensi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">f</span>ungsional<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>lebih<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>ringan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>dan kadang-kadang tidak disadari kalau hal ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>ebut karena factor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>gizi (Ari Agung, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 149%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Untuk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>mpertahankan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>kelangsungan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>hidupnya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>tubuh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elakukan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>eliharaan dengan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>ngganti <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jaringan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sudah <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>aus, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elakukan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kegiatan, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pertu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>buhan sebelum<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>usia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>dewasa.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Agar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>tubuh<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjalankan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>ketiga<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>fungsi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>tersebut<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>diperlukan seju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gizi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>setiap <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hari, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>didapat <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elalui <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan.<span style=""> </span>Diper<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>irakan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>50 <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>macam senyawa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>unsur<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>harus <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diperoleh <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>ri <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tertentu <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>setiap harinya. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Bila<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>ju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>diperlukan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>tidak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>terpenuhi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>aka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>kesehatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>opti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>tidak dapat dicapai (Ari Agung, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.7pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Seperti <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>disebutkan <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oleh<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Darwin <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Karyadi <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(1987) <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahwa <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>prevalensi <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ane<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>i dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>gizi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>kurang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asih<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>tinggi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>Indonesia.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Dipertegas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>juga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>Jill<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>dkk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>(1987)<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>bahwa prevalensi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ane<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gizi, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kekurangan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>vita<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>B1 <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keadaan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gizi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kurang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asih tinggi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>Indonesia.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Di<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>antara<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>beberapa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>salah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>gizi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>utama<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>rdapat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>Indonesia, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>aka<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ia<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gizi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>teruta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kurang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>adalah<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>paling<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>um<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dijumpai. Prevalensi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ane<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ia <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gizi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pekerja <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Indonesia <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terdapat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sebanyak <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>40 <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>% <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>banyak diju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>pekerja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>berat. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Prevalensi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>ane<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>gizi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>ini<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>tertinggi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>antara<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>negara-negara ASEAN.<span style=""> </span>Prevalensi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tinggi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">w</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akibat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>baik <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terhadap <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>individu <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>aupun <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>syarakat, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karena <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enurunkan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kualitas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anusia <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sosial <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ekono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>i,<span style=""> </span>serta <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>mbat <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bangunan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bangsa.<span style=""> </span>Hal <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ini <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>erat <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hubungannya <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>konsekuensi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section3"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt -8.45pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">fungsional ane<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ia gizi tersebut, yaitu <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>nurunkan produkti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">f</span>itas kerja<span style=""> </span>(Husaini, 1997 dan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sri Handajani, 1996)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pelbagai <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penelitian <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>baik <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dilakukan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>luar <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>negeri <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>maupun <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Indonesia <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enunjukk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahwa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>adaan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gizi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kurang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>aktivitas <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kerja <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enurunkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>produktivitas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>kerja. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Hal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>ini<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>dis<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">e</span>babkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>karena<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>kerja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>seseorang sangat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dipengaruhi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oleh <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rsedia, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>na <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tersebut <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diperoleh dari <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sehari-hari <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bila<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ana<span style=""> </span>ju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sehari-hari <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tak <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>nuhi kebutuhan tubuh, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>aka energi didapat dari cadangan tubuh (Rach<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ad Soegih dkk, !987).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 39pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kekurangan<span style=""> </span>zat<span style=""> </span>gizi,<span style=""> </span>khususnya<span style=""> </span>energi<span style=""> </span>dan<span style=""> </span>protein,<span style=""> </span>pada<span style=""> </span>tahap<span style=""> </span>awal <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bulk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>rasa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>lapar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>jangka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>waktu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>tertentu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>berat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>badan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">r</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>disert<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>i dengan<span style=""> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>mpuan<span style=""> </span>(produktivitas)<span style=""> </span>kerja.<span style=""> </span>Kekurangan<span style=""> </span>yang<span style=""> </span>berlanjut<span style=""> </span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engakibatkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>keadaan<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>gizi<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>kurang<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>gizi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>buruk.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Bila<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>tidak<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>ada<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>perbaikan<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>konsu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>si energi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>protein <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>encukupi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akhirnya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>udah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terserang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>infeksi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(penyakit) (Drajat Marti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>nto, 1992).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 149%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dipertegas <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oleh <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Laurentia <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Mihardja <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(1994) <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahwa<span style=""> </span>telah <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>banyak <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dilaporkan tentang<span style=""> </span>defisiensi<span style=""> </span>zat<span style=""> </span>gizi<span style=""> </span>besi<span style=""> </span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>eni<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bulkan<span style=""> </span>gangguan<span style=""> </span>pada<span style=""> </span>fungsi<span style=""> </span>ketahanan immunologis, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enurunkan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>konsentrasi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>belajar, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kapasitas <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kerja <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dll.<span style=""> </span>Dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>De <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">M</span>aeyer (1993) <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enyebutkan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahwa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akibat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>defisiensi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>z<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gizi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>orang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dewasa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pria <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan wanita :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -1pt 0.0001pt 23.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(a) <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Penurunan kerja fisik dan daya pendapatan; dan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(b)<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>Penurunan daya tahan terhadap keletihan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Prevalensi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ane<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ia<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>gizi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>Indonesia<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>sangat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>tinggi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>berda<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>arkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>hasil-hasil<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>penelitian yang<span style=""> </span>telah<span style=""> </span>dilakukan<span style=""> </span>secara<span style=""> </span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>isah,<span style=""> </span>ane<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ia <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di<span style=""> </span>Indonesia<span style=""> </span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style=""> </span>disebabkan<span style=""> </span>oleh defisiensi<span style=""> </span>gizi<span style=""> </span>besi (Husaini, 1989).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.7pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hidayat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Syarief<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(1997)<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enyebu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">t</span>kan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">w</span>a<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>usia<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dewasa,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>faktor<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gizi berperan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>eningkatkan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ketahanan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fis<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>produktivitas <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kerja. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>selanjutnya disebutkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>bahwa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>tanpa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engabaikan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>arti<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>penting<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>faktor<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>lain,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>zi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erupakan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>faktor kualitas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>S<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">D</span>M<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>pokok,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>karena<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>unsur<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>gizi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>ti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">d</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>hanya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>sekedar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>engaruhi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>derajat kesehatan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ketaha<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>sik,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tetapi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>juga<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enentukan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kualit<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>s<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>daya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pikir<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau kecerdasan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>intele<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span>ual<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">y</span>ang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>sangat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>esensial<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>ba<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>kehidupan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anusia. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>status<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>gizi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section4"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt -8.4pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>rendah <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sulit <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hidup <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>secara <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sehat, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">f</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>produktif <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>secara berkelanjutan, dan akan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjadi <i>penyakit<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>turunan.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manusia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>untuk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>kehidupannya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>utuhkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>ergi,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>hal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>ini<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>berlangsungnya proses-proses<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>tubuhnya,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>seperti<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>berl<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>ngsungnya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>proses<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>peredaran/sirkulasi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>darah, denyut <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jantung, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pernapasan,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pencernaan, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>prose<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>-proses<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>siologis <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lainnya, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>selanjutnya untuk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elakukan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>berbagai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>kegiatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>el<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>kukan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>pekerjaan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>fisik. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Energi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>tubuh <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anusia <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dihasilkan <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pembaka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karbohidrat, <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>protein <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>le<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ak, <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan de<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>kian<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>agar<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anusia<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>selalu<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tercukupi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energinya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diperlukan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asukan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">z</span>at-zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>cukup<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>pula<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>tubuhnya. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Manusia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>kurang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>le<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ah baik<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>daya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kegiatan,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pekerjaan-pekerjaan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fisik<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>aupun<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>daya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pemikirannya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karena kurangnya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat-zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diteri<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuhnya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enghasilkan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi. Dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>orang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>tidak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>bekerja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>energi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elebihi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>apa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>diperoleh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>cuali<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>jika<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><i>meminjam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span></i>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enggunakan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>cadangan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>energi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>tubuh,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>un kebiasaan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>me<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>nj<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ini <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engakibatkan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keadaan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gawat, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yaitu <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kurang gizi khususnya energi (Marsetyo dan Kartasapoetra, 1991).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Anak-anak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>dipacu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>orang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>tuanya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>agar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>rajin<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>bekerja,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>rajin<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>belajar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>agar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>kelak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>orang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>berguna.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>Akan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>tetapi,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>kurang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>diperhatikan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akannya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>bergizi, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>aka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>harapan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>orang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>tua<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>tersebut<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>besar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">m</span>ungkinannya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>tidak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rcapai,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>bahkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>anak tersebut <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>selain <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pertu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>buhan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>perke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">m</span>bangan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuhnya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terganggu, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>juga <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjadi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>anak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lemah, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>periang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bergairah.<span style=""> </span>De<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pula <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seorang dewasa <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>telah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bekerja, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bekerja <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keras <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tanpa <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dii<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bangi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang bergizi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akannya <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>setiap <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hari <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>aka<span style=""> </span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>waktu <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dekat <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ia <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enderita kekurangan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tenaga, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>le<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>as <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ber<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>airah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elakukan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pekerjaannya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seperti se<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ula.<span style=""> </span>Contoh-contoh<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atas<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hendaknya <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diperhatikan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oleh <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>orang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tua<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oleh pengusaha <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ana<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>orang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dewasa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tadi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bekerja, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engapa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>anak <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>orang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dewasa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tadi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjadi lesu, le<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ah, kurang berdaya untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>lakukan segala sesuatu kegiatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">?</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>hasil<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>penelitiannya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>J<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>ll<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>dkk.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>(1987) <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>didapatkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>bahwa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>pekerja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>pabrik<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>endapat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>makanan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>siang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>kantin<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>pabrik<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>rlihat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>status<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>gizinya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>lebih<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>baik<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>dibanding dengan yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akan siangnya diserahkan pada <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>sing-<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asing pekerja.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -10.4pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Apabila <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>kanan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cukup <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>ngandung <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat-zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gizi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dibutuhkan, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan keadaan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ini <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berlangsung <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>la<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enyebabkan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>perubahan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>etabolis<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>otak,<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section5"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt 4.7pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">berakibat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>terjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>ketidak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>mpu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>berfungsi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>nor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>al. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Pada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>keadaan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>lebih<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>berat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>dan kronis,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>kekurangan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>gizi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enyebabk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>pertu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>buhan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>badan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>terganggu,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>badan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>lebih<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>kecil diikuti <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ukuran <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>otak <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>juga <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kecil <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(Hu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>aini,1997).<span style=""> </span>Lebih <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jauh <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>disebutkan bahwa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>keadaan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>kurang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>gizi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enghasilkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>kenaikan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>osional<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>daripada<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>terhadap<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>fungsi kognitif.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.8pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kekurangan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kelebihan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gizi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diteri<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuh <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>eseorang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>mpunyai <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>negatif, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>perbaikan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>konsu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>si <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pangan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>peningkatan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>status gizi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>sesuai<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>sei<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>diperlukan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>tubuh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>jelas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erupakan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>unsur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>penting yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berdampak <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>positif <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bagi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>peningkatan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kualitas <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hidup <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anusia, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sehat, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kreatif <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan produktif.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berdasarkan latar belakang di atas, dapat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>disusun tujuan penulisan sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -7.85pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Mendapat <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>baran<span style=""> </span>tentang <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>defisiensi <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gizi <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>serta <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>paknya <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terhadap produktivitas kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -7.9pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b.<span style=""> </span>Mendapat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>baran<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tentang<span style=""> </span>defisiensi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>serta<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>paknya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terhadap produktivitas<span style=""> </span>kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -7.85pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 149%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Mendapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>baran <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tentang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>defisiensi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>B1<span style=""> </span>serta <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>paknya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terhadap produktivitas kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DEFISI<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">EN</span>SI<span style=""> </span>G<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Z</span>I <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">B</span>ESI DAN <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">R</span>ODUKT<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">I</span>VITAS K<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">E</span>RJA</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.7pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>gizi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>perta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>kali<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>diketah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>sebagai<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>salah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>satu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>ko<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>stit<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>jari<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>gan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>tubuh pada <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tahun <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>1713, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terdistribusi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuh, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seperti <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hae<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>oglobin, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>oglobin, cadangan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(hati, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pa, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>sum <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tulang), <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>si <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>transport <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(transperrin), <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cadangan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi (enzi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>), <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ferritin <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seru<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>.<span style=""> </span>Zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuh <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>teruta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terdapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>obin, hanya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>sebagian<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>kecil<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>terdapat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>enzi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>-enzim<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>jaringan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>yaitu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>setiap<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>sel<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>hidup dan penting untuk perna<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">f</span>asan sel (Laurentia Mihardja, 1994).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.8pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dipertegas<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>Husaini<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(1997)<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>bahwa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>ju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>zat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>besi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>badan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anusia yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>mpunyai <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berat <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>badan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>70 <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kg <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>adalah <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>3,5 <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>g, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>70% <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>antaranya <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bentuk hae<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>oglobin.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Senyawa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lainnya <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>persentase <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sangat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kecil <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>umnya<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section6"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt 4.7pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">berada <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jaringan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>badan.<span style=""> </span>Senyawa-senyawa <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tersebut <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>antara <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lain <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>yoglobin ju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>ahnya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>kurang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>lebih<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>4<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>%,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>senyawa-seny<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>wa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>besi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>sebagai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>enzim<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>oksidatif<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>seperti cytochro<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>es, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>flavoprotein.<span style=""> </span>Walaupun <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>ahnya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sangat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kecil <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tetapi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>unyai peranan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sangat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penting.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Myoglobin <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ikut <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>lam <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>transportasi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oksigen <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enerobos <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sel-sel <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>mbrane <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asuk <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sel-sel <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>otot.<span style=""> </span>Cytochro<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>flavoprotein, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>senyawa- senyawa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>itochondria <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engandung <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lainnya, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>megang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>peranan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penting dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>proses<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>oksidasi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>menghasilkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>ATP. <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>karena<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>zat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>besi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>besar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>peranannya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>dal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m kegiatan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oksidasi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enghasilkan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>transportasi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">k</span>sigen, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>aka <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diragukan lagi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>apabila <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kekurangan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>rjadi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>perubahan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tingkah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>laku <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penurunan ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>mpuan bekerja.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Defisiensi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>besi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>biasanya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>terjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>beberapa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>tingkat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>sebelum<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>ane<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ia. Perta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>adalah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keadaan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cadangan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hati <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>menurun, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tetapi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>belum <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sampai penyediaan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ben<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">t</span>ukan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sel<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">-</span>sel <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>darah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terganggu.<span style=""> </span>Tahap <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kedua adalah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>terjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>defisie<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>si<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>penyediaan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>zat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>besi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>untuk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>eritropoiesis,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>itu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>suatu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>keadaan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>di <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ana <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>peny<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>diaan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cukup <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bentukan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sel-sel <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>darah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erah, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tetapi kadar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>haemoglobin<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>(Hb)<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>belum<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>lagi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>terpengaruh. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Tahap<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>ketiga<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>adalah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>terjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>penurunan kadar Hb, yang disebut ane<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.7pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 149%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hati<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erupakan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>cadangan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>besi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>terbesar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>a. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">il</span>ep<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>skan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>am plas<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oleh <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sel-sel <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>isalnya <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hepatosit <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>au <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>makropag) <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bentuk <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ferro,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oleh enzim<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>ferroxidase/ceruloplas<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>(yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>eng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>ndung<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>Cu)<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>dioksidasi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>njadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>bentuk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>ferri, yang <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>dian <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berikatan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tra<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">nsf</span>errin.<span style=""> </span>Dalam <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keadaan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>defisien<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Cu, seseorang dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enderita ane<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ia walaupun cadangan besinya cukup.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Setiap <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hari <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ada <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hil<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elalui <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>urine, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tinja, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keringat, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan deskua<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sel <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>lit, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>but <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kuku <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bervaria<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>0,2 <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>– <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>0,5 <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>mg/hr. Berdasar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>perkiraan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahwa<span style=""> </span>10 <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>% <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diabsorpsi. Natonal <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Research <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Council <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enganjurkan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>angka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>kecukupan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gizi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(AKG) <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sehari- hari untuk re<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>aja dan orang dewasa a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">d</span>alah 18 <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>g<span style=""> </span>(Laurentia Mihardja, 1994).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.8pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kekurangan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enyebabk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kad<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hae<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>oglobin <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>darah <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lebih rendah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>nor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>alnya, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keadaan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>ini<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>disebut <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ane<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ia,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>99<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>%<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>ane<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>disebabkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>oleh kekurangan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi.<span style=""> </span>Selain <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>itu, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hal <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>itu <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enurunkan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kekebalan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuh <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sehingga sangat peka terhadap serangan b<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>bit penyakit (Deddy Muchtadi, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section7"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menurut <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Deddy <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Muchtadi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(2001) <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erupakan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>komponen <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>haemoglobin yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berfungsi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engangkut <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oksigen <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sel-sel <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>butuhkannya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>etabolis<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>glukosa,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>le<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ak,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>protein<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enja<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>energi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(ATP).<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Besi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>juga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erupakan bagian <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>oglobin <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yaitu <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>olekul <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>irip <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>oglobin <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terdapat <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sel-sel otot, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>juga <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berfungsi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engangkut <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oksi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>en.<span style=""> </span>Mioglobin <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berkaitan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan oksigen<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>inilah<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>mbuat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>daging<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enja<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>i<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>merah.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Di<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ping,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>bagai<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>komponen hae<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>oglobin<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>oglobin,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>besi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>juga<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erupakan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>ko<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pon<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>enzim<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>oksidasi, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yaitu <i>sitokrom oksidasi, xanthine oksidase,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>suksinat dehidrogenase, katalase, </i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><i>peroksidase</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fungsi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>utama<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>zat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>besi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>bagi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>tubuh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>adalah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">w</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>(sebagai<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span><i>carrier<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">)</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span></i>oksigen<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>dan karbondioksida, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>serta <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bentukan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(hae<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>oglobin).<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Fungsi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lainnya <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>antara lain <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sebagai <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bagian <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>enzi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>uk <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>produksi <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>antibodi, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penghilangan (detoksifikasi) <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>racun <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hati.<span style=""> </span>Lebih <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jauh, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dis<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span>butkan <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oleh <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Deddy <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Muchtadi (2001) sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a.<span style=""> </span>Pengangkutan (<i>ca<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>rier) <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span></i>O2 dan CO2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.8pt 0.0001pt 20.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.8pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terdapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">m</span>oglobin<span style=""> </span>(pig<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>en <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>darah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erah) <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>obin (pig<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>en <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>daging) <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berfungsi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engankut <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>O2 <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>CO2, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sehingga <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>secara <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>ak langsung zat besi sangat esens<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>al untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>etabolis<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>energi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b.<span style=""> </span>P<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bentukan Sel Darah Merah<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.85pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.7pt 0.0001pt 20.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>oglobin(Hb)<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erupakan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>komponen<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>esensial<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sel-sel<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>darah<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erah<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(eritrosit). Eritrosit <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dibentuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>sum <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tulang. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>B<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>la <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sel <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>darah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berkurang, hor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>one <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><i>eritpoi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>tin <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span></i>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diproduksi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oleh <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ginjal, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ensti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ulir <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pembentukan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sel darah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erah.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Karena<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>sel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>darah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>ti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engandung<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>inti<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>sel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>(nucleus),<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>aka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>el tersebut<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>tidak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span>nsitesis<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">z</span>im<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>untuk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>kelangsungan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>dupnya.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Kehidupan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>sel darah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>hanya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>sepanjang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asih<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>terdapatnya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>enzim<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asih<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>berfungsi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>(untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>mbawa<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>O2 <span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>CO2),<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>biasanya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hanya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sekitar<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>4<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bulan.<span style=""> </span>Kecepatan penghancuran <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sel <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>darah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span>m</span>erah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span>m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>ngkat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bila <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuh <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kekurangan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>vita<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>C, vita<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>E <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>vita<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>B12 <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>mbantu <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bentukan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sel-sel <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>darah <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erah). Karena kehidupan eritrosit hanya berlangsung sekitar 120 hari, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>aka 1/120 sel eritrosit harus <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diganti <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>setiap <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hari, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span>m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erlukan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sekitar <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>20 <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span>m</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(Fe) <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>per <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hari. Karena <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ungkin <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enyerap <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Fe <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sebanyak <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>itu <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>per <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hari, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>aka konversi Fe dalam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>tubuh sangat penting dilakukan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section8"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c.<span style=""> </span>Fungsi Lain<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.65pt 0.0001pt 20.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sebagian <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kecil <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Fe <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terdapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>nzim <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>j<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ringan.<span style=""> </span>Bila <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terjadi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>defisiensi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi, enzim <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ini <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berkurang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>ahnya <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sebelum <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Hb <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enurun.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Zat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diperlukan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sebagai katalis <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>konversi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>betakaroten <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjadi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>vita<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>A, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>reaksi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sintesis <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>purin (sebagai <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bagian <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>integral <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>asam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>nukleat<span style=""> </span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>RNA <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>DNA), <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>reaksi sintesis<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kolagen.<span style=""> </span>Selain<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>itu,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diperlukan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>proses<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penghilangan (detok<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">f</span>ik<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>si)<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>zat<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>cun<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>hati.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Orang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>mi<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>defisiensi<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>zat<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>besi<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>lebih sulit <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">r</span>angi infeksi bakteri, karena produksi antibo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>i ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.6pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sebelum <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>dar <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hae<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>oglobin <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terganggu, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>def<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>siensi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>telah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engakibatkan berbagai<span style=""> </span>perubahan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fungsi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>struktur <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>ri <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>organ <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>siste<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>.<span style=""> </span>Hal <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ini disebabkan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>adalah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>suatu <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>komponen <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>integral <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kofaktor <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>essential <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berbagai enzim<span style=""> </span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span>mpunyai <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>peranan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penting <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam<span style=""> </span>proses <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>etabolik <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>proliferasi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sel seperti <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>:<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>akonitase, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>lase, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>onoa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>noksidase, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>eloperoksidase, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ribonuk <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>leotidil reduktase, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tirosin <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hidrolase, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>triptofan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pirrol<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>se <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>xantin <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oksidase.<span style=""> </span>Enzi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>-enzim <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ini berfungsi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sintesis<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>DNA,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>transport<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>elektron<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>itokondria,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>etabolis<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e katekola<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>in, kadar ne<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ur</span>otrans<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>itter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>dan fungsi-fungsi lain ((Vyas, 1984).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -7.25pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Defisiensi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>besi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>laten<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>tanpa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>ane<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ia,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>diduga <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>telah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engganggu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>tabolisme<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.8pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 149%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">sel <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fungsi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jaringan,<span style=""> </span>karena <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enurunkan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ketersediaan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berbagai <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>enzim <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engandung <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>enzi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>-enzi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">/</span>prote<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lain <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erlukan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk akti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">v</span>itasn<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">y</span>a.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.3pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Defisiensi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enyebabkan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berbagai <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ani<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">f</span>estasi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>linik <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>aluran <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cer<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">na</span>..<span style=""> </span>Studi histologi<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>emperlihatkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>perubahan<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">f</span>ologi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>pith<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>l,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asuk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>etaplas<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ukosa <i>buccal<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span></i>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ucosa<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><i>oesophagal.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span></i>Epitel<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>ermukaan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>j<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>rin<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>defisiensi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>besi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>akan berkurang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>aktivitas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>sitokrom<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>enzi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>-enzim<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>lainnya.<span style=""> </span>Biopsi<span style=""> </span>j<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>junum<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>pada <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keadaan defisiensi <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>perlihatkan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>perubahan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">f</span>ologi <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>struktur <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>filli <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>enzim <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang terkandung <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>derajat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ringan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pai <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berat.<span style=""> </span>Hubungan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>antara <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ane<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ia <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>defiseinsi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>saluran <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cerna <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>telah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dilaporkan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sejak <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tahun <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>1913 <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oleh <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Faber, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terjadinya penurunan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>asam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bung. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Epitel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>sel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>saluran<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>cerna<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>sangat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>rentan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>terhadap<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>defisiensi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>besi. Dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enggunakan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>teknik<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>endoskopi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>biopsi,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>terlihat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>perubahan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>saluran<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>cerna<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>pada keadaan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>defisiensi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>eperti <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>astritis<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>atropi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>meni<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bulkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>aklorhidria,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>dan reversible jika diberikan terapi besi (Nai<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>an , 1964).<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section9"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menurut <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Dali<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keadaan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>defisie<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>si <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terjadi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penurunan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>konsentrasi sitokrom<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ukosa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>usus<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>lebih<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>awal<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>ripada<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>penurunan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>konsentrasi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>hae<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>oglobin. Diduga<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>akibat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>regenerasi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>sel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>lining<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>mukosa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>usus<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>lebih<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>cepat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>daripada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>regenerasi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>sel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>darah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erah,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>sehingga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enurunnya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>pasokan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>besi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>mpengaruhi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>sel-sel<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>tersebut<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>secara<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>cepat. Sel-sel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>lining<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ukosa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>usus<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>digan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>tiap<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>3-4<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>hari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anusia,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>jadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>sangat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>rentan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>terhadap keadaan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>defisiensi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>besi.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Cepat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>regenerasi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>sel<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>mberi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>keuntungan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>yaitu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>penye<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>uhan yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>cepat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>bila<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>diberikan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>terapi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>besi. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Dipertegas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>Laurentia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>Mihardja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>(1994)<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>bahwa pendarahan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ar <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lebih <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sering <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terjadi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>subyek <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>defisiensi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi. Fungsi dan struktur epitel <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ukosa u<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>us, dise<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>buhkan setelah diberi terapi besi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.8pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penelitian <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dilakukan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oleh <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Nai<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ann, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>anak-anak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berusia <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bawah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>3 tahun<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enderita<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ane<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ia<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>defisiensi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>si,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">r</span>lihatkan<span style=""> </span>terjadinya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gastric aklorhidria,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>gangguan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>absorpsi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>xilosa,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>le<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ak,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>glukosa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>vita<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>A. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>D<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>ngan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>rian terapi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>besi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>terjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>perbaikan.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Juga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>terjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>gangguan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>absorpsi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>besi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>usus<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>pada keadaan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>defisiensi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>besi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>usus<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>eadaan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>defisiensi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>esi.<span style=""> </span>Pada <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>umu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>nya <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fungsi fungsi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sekresi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>absorpsi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erlukan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sehingga <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ungkin<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keabnormalan fungsi usus dihubungkan<span style=""> </span>dengan defisiensi proteinhe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DEFISI<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">EN</span>SI EN<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">E</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">R</span>GI DAN <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">PR</span>ODUKTIVITAS KERJA</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.7pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Energi <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuh <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>manusia <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dih<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>silkan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>akaran <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karbohidrat, protein,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>le<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ak,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>kian<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>agar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>selalu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>tercukupi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>energinya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>diperlukan pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asukan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>zat-zat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>cukup<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>pula<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>tubuhnya. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Manusia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>kurang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>le<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ah,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>baik<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>daya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kegiatan,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pekerjaan-pekerjaan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fisik,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>aupun<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>daya pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>kirannya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karena <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kurangnya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat-zat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diteri<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuhnya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enghasilkan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Seperti <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>disebutk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oleh <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Suhardjo <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(1988) <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahwa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seseorang tidak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>dapat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bekerja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>energi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>el<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>bihi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>apa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>diperoleh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan kecuali<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jika <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><i>meminjam<span style=""> </span></i>atau <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enggunakan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cadangan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuh, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>un kebiasaan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ini<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engakibatkan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>adaan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gawat,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yaitu<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kurang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gizi khususnya energi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -10.4pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tanpa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ada<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>gizi,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>energi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>tidak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>bisa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>diha<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>ilkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>tubuh,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>dikarenakan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>sel-sel<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>kita tidak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>eroleh <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan.<span style=""> </span>Dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tentu <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>saja, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seseorang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>loyo <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erasa <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>alas<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section10"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt -8.45pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">bekerja.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Sekalipun<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>eorang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>iliki<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>biasaan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>alas,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>un<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kurangnya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gizi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erupakan penyebab uta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style=""> </span>(Ari Agung, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.65pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Masalahnya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>hanya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>terletak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>kekurangan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>gizi,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>khususnya <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Bagi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>orang dewasa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bekerja <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elebihi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kewajaran <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>embanting <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tulang de<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>mperoleh <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pendapatan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lebih) <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>nya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ia <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enggunakan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cadangan energi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>tubuhnya,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>akibat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>penggunaan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ebut<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>tidak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>adanya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>penggantian<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>energi dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>energi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>cadangan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>sehubungan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>kura<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>gnya <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ukan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>kanan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam tubuhnya,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>tentulah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>pekerja<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">/</span>orang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>dewasa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>bersangkutan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>tidak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>diharapkan adanya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>produktivitas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>kerja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>dikehendaki. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Pada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>sekarang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>para<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>pengusaha<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>telah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>kirkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asalah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>dihadapi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>para<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>karyawannya.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>Oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>karena<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>itu,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>bagi para<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>karyawan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>bekerja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elebihi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>keten<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>uan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>waktu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>kerja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjalankan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>pekerjaan yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>dianggap<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>berat,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>selalu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>disediakan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>ja<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>nan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(biasanya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>berupa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>yang bergizi) <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tambahan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">(</span><i>extra<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>voiding</i>).<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>batasan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>waktu <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kerja, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>berian ja<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>nan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>setiap <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hari <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kerja, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>upakan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>suatu <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kebijaksanaan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pengusaha<span style=""> </span>utnuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>mpertahankan<span style=""> </span>produktivitas<span style=""> </span>kerja<span style=""> </span>yang<span style=""> </span>dikehendaki<span style=""> </span>perusahaan<span style=""> </span>dari<span style=""> </span><span style=""><span style=""> </span></span>para karyawannya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.8pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 149%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Makanan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>pengertian<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>sebagai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ber<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>energi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>ternyata<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>energi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>dalam proses-proses<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>terjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>tubuh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>hanya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>sebagian<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>saja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>diubah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>tenaga, sedang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>lainnya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>diubah<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>panas.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Tentang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>hal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>ini<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>perhatikan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>saja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>tubuh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>kita, setelah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kita <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elakukan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pekerjaan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fisik <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cukup <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cukup <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>la<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terasa badan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kita <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjadi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>panas.<span style=""> </span>Dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keadaan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kita <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hanya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sedikit <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elakukan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kerja <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fisik, sebagian<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>besar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>energi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>diubah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>pan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>kita<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>tidak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elakukan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>pekerjaan fisik,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>relatif<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>seluruh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>energi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>diubah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>menjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>pan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>selanjutnya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>panas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>luar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>dari<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: 13.55pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">tubuh.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 7pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.7pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maca<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>acam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>makanan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>tidak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>sama<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>banyak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>silkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>ener<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>padahal <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anusia<span style=""> </span>harus<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>endapatkan<span style=""> </span>seju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>ah<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>kanan<span style=""> </span>tertentu<span style=""> </span>setiap<span style=""> </span>harinya<span style=""> </span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enghasilkan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>teruta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>rtahankan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>proses<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kerja<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuhnya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjalankan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>kegiatan-kegiatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>fisik. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>rena<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>itu,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>kita<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anusia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>sendiri harus<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engetahui<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enentukan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>nyaknya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>energinya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>untuk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>keperluan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjalankan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>proses<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kerja<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuh<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>basal<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>etabolis<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a)<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asih<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kurang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>encukupi. <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Kalau<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asih<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>kurang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>haruslah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>diikh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>iarkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>agar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>terpenuhi,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>sebab<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>kalau<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section11"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt -8.45pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tidak<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tentunya <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sangat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>buruk <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akibatnya <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terhadap<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>adaan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuh <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>( <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Marsetyo <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kartasapoetra, 1991).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -8.4pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lebih<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jauh<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>disebutkan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahwa<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>proses<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hidup<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>uta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pokok<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>merlukan energi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>al) secara garis besar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>ya akan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>eliputi kerja-kerja :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -1pt 0.0001pt 23.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(a) <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ertahankan tonus otot;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(b)<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enggerakkan sistem<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>sirkulasi;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(c) <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engaktifkan sistem<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>pernaasan; dan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(d)<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engfungsikan kelenjar-kelenjar serta aktivitas selular.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keperluan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terhadap<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>al<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ba<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">sa</span>l<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>etaboli<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan terpengaruh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>pula<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>kondisi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>osi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anusia.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Pada<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>waktu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anusia<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>berada dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>keadaan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>bere<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>osi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>berlangsung<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>sekresi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>adrenalin<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>sehingga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>terjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>cuan aktivitas<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jantung.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Peningkatan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tekanan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>darah,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lain-lain<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tentunya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keadaan de<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>kian <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>me<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>butuhkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>lebih<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>banyak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>energi. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">D</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>kian<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>pula<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>keadaan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>mental<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>suatu waktu,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>seperti<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>perasaan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>takut,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>kaget,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>alu,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>arah,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>ge<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bira,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>lain-lain,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>keadaan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ental de<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>kian<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enyebabkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>tonus<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>lebih<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>tinggi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>tentunya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erlukan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>energi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>lebih dari <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>biasanya. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Pengaruh <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keadaan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>mental <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terhadap <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>basal <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>etabolis<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>biasanya dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enaikkan energi tersebut sebesar 4 %.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 149%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kurangnya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuh<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karbohid<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>at,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>protein<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>le<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ak<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enyebabk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bakaran<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>ketiga<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>unsur<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>tersebut<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>kurang <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>nghasilkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>energi,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>akibatnya tubuh <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjadi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lesu, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kurang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ber<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>airah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>melakukan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berbagai <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kegiatan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kondisi tubuh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>kian<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>tentunya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>banyak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bulkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>kerugian<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>(peka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>aca<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>- <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>penyakit,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>alasan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>untuk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>encari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>fkah,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>produktivitas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>kerja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>sangat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>le<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ah,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>dan lain-lain) (Marsetyo dan Kartasapoetra, 1991).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.65pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lebih <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lanjut <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>disebutkan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahwa <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berbagai <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jenis <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karbohidrat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tersedia <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam berbagai <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>agar <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">f</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>tkan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penyediaan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>perta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a- ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>harus<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>diubah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>bentuk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>glukosa,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>selanjutnya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elalui<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>sirkulasi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>darah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>akan diserap, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kemudian <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elalui <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>proses <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>etab<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span>lis<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dioksidasi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>selengkapnya <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elalui Siklus <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Krebs <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>barulah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erupakan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ber <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penting <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bagi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pelaksanaan berbagai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>kegiatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>tubuh.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Otak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>sebagai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>kegiatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>selamanya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enggunakan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>glukosa sebagai su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ber energinya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section12"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt -1pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Selengkapnya fungsi karbohidrat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>disebutkan sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Menyediakan keperluan energi bagi tubuh ( yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erupakan fungsi uta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anya).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b.<span style=""> </span>Melaksanakan dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elangsungkan proses <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>etabolis<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e le<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>k.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Melangsungkan aksi penghe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>atan terhadap protein.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -7.85pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">d.<span style=""> </span>Menyiapkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>cadangan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>energi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>siap<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>pakai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>sewaktu-waktu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>diperlukan,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>bentuk glikogen.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DEFISI<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">EN</span>SI VITAM<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">I</span>N B1 DAN PRODUK<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">T</span>IVITAS <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">K</span>ERJA</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Vita<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>B1 <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(<i>thiami<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span></i>) <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>perta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kali <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dikristalkan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oleh <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Jansen <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Donath <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada tahun<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>1926<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>perta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akali <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>ntesis<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>eh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>Ro<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>R.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">W</span>illia<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>kawan-kawannya pada tahun 1936<span style=""> </span>(Linder,<span style=""> </span>1992).<span style=""> </span>Lebih jauh, disebutkan bahwa<span style=""> </span>vita<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n<span style=""> </span>ini <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>punyai fungsi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pengaruh <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sebagai <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>koenzim <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>beb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>rapa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>reaksi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>inti<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sampai <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>etabolis<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e antara <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>se<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ua <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sel.<span style=""> </span>Ber<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>eran <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pent<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>reaksi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bentukan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>reaksi dekarboksilasi, dan reaksi transketolase.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Vita<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>B1<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><i>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">h</span>iamin </i>sangat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>diperlukan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>tubuh,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>edianya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>tubuh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>karena diserap <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>usus <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>selanjutnya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diangkut<span style=""> </span>bersa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>darah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jaringan-jaringan tubuh. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><i>Thiamin<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span></i>dite<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ukan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>sebagai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>cadangan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>ju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>terbatas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>hati, buah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>pinggang,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>jantung,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>otot<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>otak,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>sebagai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>cadangan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>diperlukan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>untuk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>sekedar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>melihara <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fungsi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>alat-alat <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuh <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tadi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>waktu <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>singkat.<span style=""> </span>Sel-sel <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jaringan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>wujudkan/<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjadikan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>edianya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>zat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engandung<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><i>thiamin<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span></i>(koenzi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>),<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>zat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ana de<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>kian<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>me<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bantu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bakaran<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>karbo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">h</span>idrat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>diangkat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>darah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>l darah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>putih<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>unyai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>inti<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>thia<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>bebas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>plas<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Koenzim tersebut <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berfungsi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>mungkinkan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karboksila<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>sahkan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karbonioksida <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>asam piruvat,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>sedangkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>sisanya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>selanjutnya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>diro<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>karbondioksida<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>air.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Jadi, dapat disebutkan fungsi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><i>thiamin </i>yaitu<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -1pt 0.0001pt 23.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(1)<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>etabolis<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>karbohidrat;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(2)<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>mpengaruhi kesei<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bangan air di dalam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>tubuh; dan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(3)<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>mpengaruhi penyerapan zat le<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>k dalam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>usus.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 7pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -10.45pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-indent: 35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dari<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fungsinya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>perta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapatl<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>h<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diperkirakan,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahwa<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akin<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>banyak karbohidrat <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dikonsu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>si, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>butuhan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><i>thiamin <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span></i>tentunya <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>banyak <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pula.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section13"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Seseorang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>buruh <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kasar, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>salnya, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engkonsu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>si <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karbohidrat <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lebih <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tinggi dibanding <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan<span style=""> </span>karyawan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>staf <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bekerja<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>nggunakan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>pikirannya.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Para pakar,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>sebagai<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>hasil<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>penelitiannya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>telah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>mukakan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>angka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>kebutuhan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>thia<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>ne sekitar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>0,23<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>mg<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>0,65<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>mg<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>per<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>1000<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>kalori<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>setiap<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>harinya.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Thia<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>nyak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>terkandung dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>padi-padian<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>nya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>pada<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bagian<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>lembaga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>bagian<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>luar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>endosper<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anya), kacang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>hijau<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>daging.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Dip<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>rtegas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>Linder<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>(1992)<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>hwa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>bila<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>ada<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>tia<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>inase<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>atau antagonis <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tia<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seperti <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>the, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kopi, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>di<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahan-bahan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lain, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>eningkatkan kebutuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.8pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Vita<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>B1<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>dikenal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>sebagai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>“Vita<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>Se<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>angat”<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karena<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>bila<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>terjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>kekurangan akan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enimbulkan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penurunan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kegiatan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>syaraf.<span style=""> </span>Penelitian <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anusia <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diberi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kurang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>vitamin<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>B1<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enunjukkan<span style=""> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>waktu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>singkat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span>ang-orang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>tersebut tidak <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berse<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>angat, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>dah <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>gung, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sulit <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>konsentrasi.<span style=""> </span>Dalam <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tiga <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hingga <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tujuh <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>nggu<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>mbul<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gejala<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kelelahan,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>nafsu<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>kan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berkurang,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penurunan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>badan, konstipasi,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>kejang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>otot<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>berbagai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>rasa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>nye<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>syaraf. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Keluhan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>dihilangkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>dan pulih setelah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engkonsu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>si vita<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n B1 secukupnya (Ari Agung, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 149%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Marsetyo<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>Kartasapoetra<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>(1991)<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>eny<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>butkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>bahwa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>kekurangan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>vita<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>B1 dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enimbulkan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penyakit <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>beri-beri, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>neurit<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>s, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gangguan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sistem <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>transportasi cairan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>tubuh.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>dipertegas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>oleh<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Linder<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>(1992)<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>bahwa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>jala<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>defisiensi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><i>tiamin<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span></i>pada <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anusia<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>adalah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><i>neuropati<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>perifer<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span></i>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>paling<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>jelas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>terlihat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>anggota<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>badan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>paling aktif, <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kelemahan, <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>urat <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>daging <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>puk <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atrofi, <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lelah <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>perhatian <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>menurun, <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jantung sering <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ikut <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dipengaruhi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>besaran, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><i>tachyc<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ar</span>dia <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span></i>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>usaha <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fisi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>).<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Di <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asyarakat Barat, defisiensi terutama erat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>hubungannya dengan alkoholis<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e, dengan <i>physic<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>l eff<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span>rt.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.7pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelainan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>fungsi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enje<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>seperti<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>kita<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>dengar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>slogan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>popular rakyat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>yaitu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>“4L” <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(letih,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>le<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>h,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>lelah,lesu)<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>hakik<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>tnya <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kurangnya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>zat-zat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>gizi, yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>sangat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>berpengaruh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>terhadap<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>produktivitas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>kerja<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>perilaku<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>pekerja<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>(Ari<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>Agung,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.75pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2002).<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Lebih<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>jauh<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>disebutkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>bah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">w</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>sering<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>diju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pai<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>faktor<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>kebiasaan<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>adalah tidak <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pagi.<span style=""> </span>Lain <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>halnya <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>luar <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>negeri <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ada <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>slogan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><i>Better <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">B</span>reakfa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>t=B<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>tter Nutrition”<span style=""> </span></i>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>selalu <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dianjurkan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pekerja <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>golongan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ur <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sekolah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>encapai efisiensi dan prestasi k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>rja dan belajar<span style=""> </span>(Ari Agung, 2002)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section14"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.95pt -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">SIMPULAN</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.75pt 0.0001pt 41.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Prevalensi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ane<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>i<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gizi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>defisiensi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kalori<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>tamin<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>B1<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pekerja Indonesia<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>masih<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>tinggi.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Zat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>gizi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>besi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>besar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>peranannya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>kegiatan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>oksidasi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enghasilkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>energi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>transportasi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>oksigen,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>aka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>apabila<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>kekurangan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>zat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>besi akan terjadi perubahan tingkah laku<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>dan penurunan ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>uan bekerja.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.7pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.<span style=""> </span>Energi <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuh <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>manusia <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dihas<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>lkan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>akaran <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karbohidrat, protein <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>le<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ak, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>kian <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ar <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">a</span>nusia <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>selalu <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tercukupi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energinya diperlukan<span style=""> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asukan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat-zat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan<span style=""> </span>yang<span style=""> </span>cukup<span style=""> </span>pula<span style=""> </span>ke<span style=""> </span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuhnya. Manusia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>kurang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>makan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>le<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>baik<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>daya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>kegiatan,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>pekerjaan-pekerjaan fisik<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>aupun<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>daya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>kirannya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karena<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kurangnya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat-zat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akanan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang diteri<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a tubuhnya yang dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enghasilkan energi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.85pt 0.0001pt 41.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.<span style=""> </span>Vita<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>B1 <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>disebutkan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sebagai <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>vita<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>ngat,<span style=""> </span>karena <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berperan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sangat penting <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>proses <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>metabolis<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>energi, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>melihara <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fungsi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>organ <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuh seperti<span style=""> </span>hati, buah pingg<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>ng, jantung, otot dan otak.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DAF<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">T</span>AR <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">U</span>STAKA</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ari Agung, I Gusti Ayu. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Kacang Ijo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Meningkat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>Produktivitas Kerja.<span style=""> </span>Patria Unta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 34.25pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Deddy Muchtadi.<span style=""> </span>2001.<span style=""> </span>Pangan dan Gizi.<span style=""> </span>UT.<span style=""> </span>Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -8.45pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Darwin<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Karyadi.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>1987. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Hubungan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Ketahanan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">F</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Keadaan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>gizi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Ane<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>gizi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 34.25pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Universitas Indonesia . <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Drajat Martianto.<span style=""> </span>1992.<span style=""> </span>Gizi Terapan.<span style=""> </span>PAU Pangan dan Gizi IPB.<span style=""> </span>Bogor<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.7pt 0.0001pt 34.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">De<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>Maeyer,<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>EM.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>1989.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Preve<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>ting<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>Contr<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span>lling<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>Iron<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>Deficiency<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>Anae<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ia<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>Through Pri<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ary<span style=""> </span>Health<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Ca<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>e.<span style=""> </span>A<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Guide<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">f</span>or<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Health<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Ad<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>nistr<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>tor<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>nd<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Programme Managers. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>WHO.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.8pt 0.0001pt 34.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Husaini, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>M,A.<span style=""> </span>1989.<span style=""> </span>Study <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Nutritional <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Ana<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>iea <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Assess<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ent <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Information Co<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pilation <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>for <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Supporting <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>and <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">F</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ul<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>ting <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>National <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Policy <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>and <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Program<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e. Depkes RI Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -8.4pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Husaini,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>M.A.<span style=""> </span>1997.<span style=""> </span>Gizi,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Perke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bangan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Intelektual<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Produktivitas<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 34.25pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bappenas.<span style=""> </span>Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.2pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -8.45pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: 12.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hidayat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>Syarief. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>1997. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Me<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>ngun<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>SDM<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>Berkualitas.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>Suatu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>Telaahan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>Gizi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>Masyarakat<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 34.25pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dan Su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ber Daya Keluarga.<span style=""> </span>IPB.<span style=""> </span>Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -8.35pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Linder, C.M.<span style=""> </span>1992.<span style=""> </span>Bioki<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>a Nutrisi dan Metabolis<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e, dengan Pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akaian Secara Klinis<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 34.25pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">UI<span style=""> </span>Press.<span style=""> </span>Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.8pt 0.0001pt 34.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Laurentia <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Mihardja. <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>1994.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>D<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>fisiensi <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Fe <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>D<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>paknya <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terhadap <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Absorpsi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Zat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Gizi pada <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Anak.<span style=""> </span>Majalah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Kesehatan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Masyarakat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Indonesia <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Tahun <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>XX<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">I</span>I <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>No<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>or <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>10. Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Marsetyo, H dan G. Kartasapoetra. 1991.<span style=""> </span>Il<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>u Gizi.<span style=""> </span>Rineka Cipta.<span style=""> </span>Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt -10.45pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: 27.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nai<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>an Jl.<span style=""> </span>1964.<span style=""> </span>The Gastrointestinal Ef<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">f</span>ecst of Iron Deficiency Ane<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>a Pediatrics. Rach<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>Soegih,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>Savitri<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>Sayogo,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>Erina.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>19<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">8</span>7.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Perbandingan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>Effek<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>Makan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>Siang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>dari<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -7.5pt 0.0001pt 34.25pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kantin<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>akan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Siang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>“K<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Khu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>us<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Pekerja<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Pabrik.<span style=""> </span>Majalah<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 34.25pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kesehatan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Masyarakat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Indones<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">T</span>ahun XVI No.12.<span style=""> </span>Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -8.5pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ur,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>P.K.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>1994.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Higene<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>Perusahaan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>Kesehatan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>Kerja.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>CV<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>Haji<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>Masagung.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 34.25pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -8.4pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sri<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>Handajani.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>1996.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Pangan,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>Gizi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>Masyarakat.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Sebelas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>Maret<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>University<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 34.25pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Solo<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -8.5pt 0.0001pt 5.9pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Vyas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>D.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>C. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(1984). <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Functional<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>plications<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>Iron<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>Deficiency. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Dalam <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Stekel.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>Ed<span 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mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 24pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rumah sakit<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Seorang dokter merawat orang sakit di sebuah rumah sakit. Cetak tinggi dari Jerman pada 1682.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rumah sakit</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (hospital) adalah sebuah institusi perawatan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesehatan" title="Kesehatan"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kesehatan</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> profesional yang pelayanannya disediakan oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokter" title="Dokter"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dokter</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perawat" title="Perawat"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">perawat</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, dan tenaga ahli kesehatan lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perbandingan antara jumlah ranjang rumah sakit dengan jumlah penduduk Indonesia masih sangat rendah. Untuk 10 ribu penduduk cuma tersedia 6 ranjang rumah sakit.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="mw-headline">Terminologi</span></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;">Selama <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_pertengahan" title="Abad pertengahan">Abad pertengahan</a>, rumah sakit juga melayani banyak fungsi di luar rumah sakit yang kita kenal di zaman sekarang, misalnya sebagai penampungan orang miskin atau persinggahan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musafir" title="Musafir">musafir</a>. Istilah <i>hospital</i> (rumah sakit) berasal dari kata <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <i>hospes</i> (tuan rumah), yang juga menjadi akar kata <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotel</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hospitality&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hospitality (halaman belum tersedia)">hospitality</a> (keramahan).</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Beberapa pasien bisa hanya datang untuk diagnosis atau terapi ringan untuk kemudian meminta perawatan jalan, atau bisa pula meminta rawat inap dalam hitungan hari, minggu, atau bulan. Rumah sakit dibedakan dari institusi kesehatan lain dari kemampuannya memberikan diagnosa dan perawatan medis secara menyeluruh kepada pasien.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Rumahsakit menurut WHO Expert Committee On Organization Of Medical Care: is an integral part of social and medical organization, the function of which is to provide for the population complete health care, both curative and preventive and whose out patient service reach out to the family and its home environment; the hospital is also a centre for the training of health workers and for biosocial research</p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><a name="Tugas_dan_Fungsi"></a><span class="mw-headline">Tugas dan Fungsi</span></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;">Berikut merupakan tugas sekaligus fungsi dari rumah sakit, yaitu :</p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Melaksanakan pelayanan medis, pelayanan penunjang medis,</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Melaksanakan pelayanan medis tambahan, pelayanan penunjang medis tambahan,</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Melaksanakan pelayanan kedokteran kehakiman,</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Melaksanakan pelayanan medis khusus,</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Melaksanakan pelayanan rujukan kesehatan,</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Melaksanakan pelayanan kedokteran gigi,</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Melaksanakan pelayanan kedokteran sosial,</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Melaksanakan pelayanan penyuluhan kesehatan,</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Melaksanakan pelayanan rawat jalan atau rawat darurat dan rawat tinggal (observasi),</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Melaksanakan pelayanan rawat inap,</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Melaksanakan pelayanan administratif,</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Melaksanakan pendidikan para medis,</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Membantu pendidikan tenaga medis umum,</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Membantu pendidikan tenaga medis spesialis,</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Membantu penelitian dan pengembangan kesehatan,</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">Membantu kegiatan penyelidikan epidemiologi,</li></ul> <p style="text-align: justify;">Tugas dan fungsi ini berhubungan dengan kelas dan type rumah sakit yang di Indonesia terdiri dari rumah sakit umum dan rumah sakit khusus, kelas a, b, c, d. berbentuk badan dan sebagai unit pelaksana teknis daerah. perubahan kelas rumah sakit dapat saja terjadii sehubungan dengan turunnya kinerja rumah sakit yang ditetapkan oleh menteri kesehatan indonesia melalui keputusan dirjen yan medik.</p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><a name="Jenis-jenis_rumah_sakit"></a><span class="mw-headline">Jenis-jenis rumah sakit</span></h2> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><a name="Rumah_sakit_umum"></a><span class="mw-headline">Rumah sakit umum</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Rumah sakit yang dijalankan organisasi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" title="National Health Service (halaman belum tersedia)">National Health Service</a> di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a>.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Melayani hampir seluruh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit" title="Penyakit">penyakit</a> umum, dan biasanya memiliki institusi perawatan darurat yang siaga 24 jam (ruang gawat darurat) untuk mengatasi bahaya dalam waktu secepatnya dan memberikan pertolongan pertama.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Rumah sakit umum biasanya merupakan fasilitas yang mudah ditemui di suatu negara, dengan kapasitas rawat inap sangat besar untuk perawatan intensif ataupun jangka panjang. Rumah sakit jenis ini juga dilengkapi dengan fasilitas <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedah" title="Bedah">bedah</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedah_plastik" title="Bedah plastik">bedah plastik</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruang_bersalin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ruang bersalin (halaman belum tersedia)">ruang bersalin</a>, laboratorium, dan sebagainya. Tetapi kelengkapan fasilitas ini bisa saja bervariasi sesuai kemampuan penyelenggaranya.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Rumah sakit yang sangat besar sering disebut <i>Medical Center</i> (pusat kesehatan), biasanya melayani seluruh pengobatan modern.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Sebagian besar rumah sakit di Indonesia juga membuka pelayanan kesehatan tanpa menginap (rawat jalan) bagi masyarakat umum (klinik). Biasanya terdapat beberapa klinik/poliklinik di dalam suatu rumah sakit.</p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><a name="Rumah_sakit_terspesialisasi"></a><span class="mw-headline">Rumah sakit terspesialisasi</span></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;">Jenis ini mencakup <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trauma_center&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Trauma center (halaman belum tersedia)">trauma center</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rumah_sakit_anak&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rumah sakit anak (halaman belum tersedia)">rumah sakit anak</a>, rumah sakit manula, atau rumah sakit yang melayani kepentingan khusus seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Psychiatry (halaman belum tersedia)">psychiatric</a> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Psychiatric hospital (halaman belum tersedia)">psychiatric hospital</a>), penyakit <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernapasan" title="Pernapasan">pernapasan</a>, dan lain-lain.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Rumah sakit bisa terdiri atas gabungan atau pun hanya satu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangunan" title="Bangunan">bangunan</a>. Kebanyakan mempunyai afiliasi dengan universitas atau pusat riset medis tertentu. Kebanyakan rumah sakit di dunia didirikan dengan tujuan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirlaba" title="Nirlaba">nirlaba</a>.</p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><a name="Rumah_sakit_penelitian.2Fpendidikan"></a><span class="mw-headline">Rumah sakit penelitian/pendidikan</span></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;">Rumah sakit penelitian/pendidikan adalah rumah sakit umum yang terkait dengan kegiatan penelitian dan pendidikan di fakultas kedokteran pada suatu universitas/lembaga pendidikan tinggi. Biasanya rumah sakit ini dipakai untuk pelatihan dokter-dokter muda, uji coba berbagai macam obat baru atau teknik pengobatan baru. Rumah sakit ini diselenggarakan oleh pihak universitas/perguruan tinggi sebagai salah satu wujud pengabdian masyararakat / Tri Dharma perguruan tinggi.</p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><a name="Rumah_sakit_lembaga.2Fperusahaan"></a><span class="mw-headline">Rumah sakit lembaga/perusahaan</span></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;">Rumah sakit yang didirikan oleh suatu lembaga/perusahaan untuk melayani pasien-pasien yang merupakan anggota lembaga tersebut/karyawan perusahaan tersebut. Alasan pendirian bisa karena penyakit yang berkaitan dengan kegiatan lembaga tersebut (misalnya rumah sakit militer, lapangan udara), bentuk jaminan sosial/pengobatan gratis bagi karyawan, atau karena letak/lokasi perusahaan yang terpencil/jauh dari rumah sakit umum. Biasanya rumah sakit lembaga/perusahaan di Indonesia juga menerima pasien umum dan menyediakan ruang gawat darurat untuk masyarakat umum.</p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><a name="Klinik"></a><span class="mw-headline">Klinik</span></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;">Fasilitas medis yang lebih kecil yang hanya melayani keluhan tertentu. Biasanya dijalankan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSM" title="LSM">Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat</a> atau dokter-dokter yang ingin menjalankan praktek pribadi. Klinik biasanya hanya menerima rawat jalan. Bentuknya bisa pula berupa kumpulan klinik yang disebut poliklinik.</p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><a name="Sejarah"></a><span class="mw-headline">Sejarah</span></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;">Dalam sejarah kuno, kepercayaan dan pengobatan berhubungan sangat erat. Salah satu contoh institusi pengobatan tertua adalah kuil <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir">Mesir</a>. Kuil <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a> di Yunani juga dipercaya memberikan pengobatan kepada orang sakit, yang kemudian juga diadopsi bangsa Romawi sebagai kepercayaan. Kuil Romawi untuk Æsculapius dibangun pada tahun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/291_SM" title="291 SM">291 SM</a> di tanah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiber&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tiber (halaman belum tersedia)">Tiber</a>, Roma dengan ritus-ritus hampir sama dengan kepercayaan Yunani.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Institusi yang spesifik untuk pengobatan pertama kali, ditemukan di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Rumah sakit Brahmanti pertama kali didirikan di Sri Lanka pada tahun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/431_SM" title="431 SM">431 SM</a>, kemudian Raja <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> juga mendirikan 18 rumah sakit di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a> pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/230_SM" title="230 SM">230 SM</a> dengan dilengkapi tenaga medis dan perawat yang dibiayai anggaran kerajaan.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Rumah sakit pertama yang melibatkan pula konsep pengajaran pengobatan, dengan mahasiswa yang diberikan pengajaran oleh tenaga ahli, adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akademi_Gundishapur&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Akademi Gundishapur (halaman belum tersedia)">Akademi Gundishapur</a> di Kerajaan Persia.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Bangsa Romawi menciptakan <i>valetudinaria</i> untuk pengobatan budak, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiator</a>, dan prajurit sekitar <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_SM" title="100 SM">100 SM</a>. Adopsi kepercayaan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiani" title="Kristiani">Kristiani</a> turut mempengaruhi pelayanan medis di sana. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsili_Nicea_I" title="Konsili Nicea I">Konsili Nicea I</a> pada tahun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/325" title="325">325</a> memerintahkan pihak Gereja untuk juga memberikan pelayanan kepada orang-orang miskin, sakit, janda, dan musafir. Setiap satu katedral di setiap kota harus menyediakan satu pelayanan kesehatan. Salah satu yang pertama kali mendirikan adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Sampson&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Saint Sampson (halaman belum tersedia)">Saint Sampson</a> di Konstantinopel dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basil_of_Caesarea&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Basil of Caesarea (halaman belum tersedia)">Basil, bishop of Caesarea</a>. Bangunan ini berhubungan langsung dengan bagunan gereja, dan disediakan pula tempat terpisah untuk penderita lepra.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Rumah sakit abad pertengahan di Eropa juga mengikuti pola tersebut. Di setiap tempat peribadahan biasanya terdapat pelayanan kesehatan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendeta" title="Pendeta">pendeta</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suster" title="Suster">suster</a> (Frase Perancis untuk rumah sakit adalah <i>hôtel-Dieu</i>, yang berarti "hostel of God."). Namun beberapa di antaranya bisa pula terpisah dari tempat peribadahan. Ditemukan pula rumah sakit yang terspesialisasi untuk penderita lepra, kaum miskin, atau musafir.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Rumah sakit dalam sejarah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> memperkenalkan standar pengobatan yang tinggi pada abad 8 hingga 12. Rumah sakit pertama dibangun pada abad 9 hingga 10 mempekerjakan 25 staff pengobatan dan perlakuan pengobatan berbeda untuk penyakit yang berbeda pula. Rumah sakit yang didanai pemerintah muncul pula dalam sejarah Tiongkok pada awal abad 10.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Perubahan rumah sakit menjadi lebih sekular di Eropa terjadi pada abad 16 hingga 17. Tetapi baru pada abad 18 rumah sakit modern pertama dibangun dengan hanya menyediakan pelayanan dan pembedahan medis. Inggris pertama kali memperkenalkan konsep ini. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy%27s_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Guy's Hospital (halaman belum tersedia)">Guy's Hospital</a> didirikan di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1724" title="1724">1724</a> atas permintaan seorang saudagar kaya Thomas Guy. Rumah sakit yang dibiayai swasta seperti ini kemudian menjamur di seluruh Inggris Raya. Di koloni Inggris di Amerika kemudian berdiri <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_General_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pennsylvania General Hospital (halaman belum tersedia)">Pennsylvania General Hospital</a> di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1751" title="1751">1751</a>. setelah terkumpul sumbangan £2,000. Di Eropa Daratan biasanya rumah sakit dibiayai dana publik. Namun secara umum pada pertengahan abad 19 hampir seluruh negara di Eropa dan Amerika Utara telah memiliki keberagaman rumah sakit.</p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><a name="Rumah_Sakit_Dan_Perkembangannya_di_Indon"></a><span class="mw-headline">Rumah Sakit Dan Perkembangannya di Indonesia</span></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;">Sejarah perkembangan rumah sakit di Indonesia pertama sekali didirikan oleh VOC tahun 1626 dan kemudian juga oleh tentara Inggris pada zaman Raffles terutama ditujukan untuk melayani anggota militer beserta keluarganya secara gratis. Jika masyarakat pribumi memerlukan pertolongan, kepada mereka juga diberikan pelayanan gratis. Hal ini berlanjut dengan rumah sakit-rumah sakit yang didirikan oleh kelompok agama. Sikap karitatif ini juga diteruskan oleh rumah sakit CBZ di Jakarta. Rumah sakit ini juga tidak memungut bayaran pada orang miskin dan gelandangan yang memerlukan pertolongan. Semua ini telah menanamkan kesan yang mendalam di kalangan masyarakat pribumi bahwa pelayanan penyembuhan di rumah sakit adalah gratis. Mereka tidak mengetahui bahwa sejak zaman VOC, orang Eropa yang berobat di rumah sakit VOC (kecuali tentara dan keluarganya) ditarik bayaran termasuk pegawai VOC.</p> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"><a name="Komite_Etik_Rumah_Sakit"></a><span class="mw-headline">Komite Etik Rumah Sakit</span></h2> <p style="text-align: justify;">Komite Etik Rumah Sakit (KERS), dapat dikatakan sebagai suatu badan yang secara resmi dibentuk dengan anggota dari berbagai disiplin perawatan kesehatan dalam rumah sakit yang bertugas untuk menangani berbagai masalah etik yang timbul dalam rumah sakit. KERS dapat menjadi sarana efektif dalam mengusahakan saling pengertian antara berbagai pihak yang terlibat seperti dokter, pasien, keluarga pasien dan masyarakat tentang berbagai masalah etika hukum kedokteran yang muncul dalam perawatan kesehatan di rumah sakit. Ada tiga fungsi KERS ini yaitu pendidikan, penyusun kebijakan dan pembahasan kasus. Jadi salah satu tugas KERS adalah menjalankan fungsi pendidikan etika. Dalam rumah sakit ada kebutuhan akan kemampuan memahami masalah etika, melakukan diskusi multidisiplin tentang kasus mediko legal dan dilema etika biomedis dan proses pengambilan keputusan yang terkait dengan permasalahan ini. Dengan dibentuknya KERS, pengetahuan dasar bidang etika kedokteran dapat diupayakan dalam institusi dan pengetahuan tentang etika diharapkan akan menelurkan tindakan yang profesional etis. Komite tidak akan mampu mengajari orang lain, jika ia tidak cukup kemampuannya. Oleh sebab itu tugas pertama komite adalah meningkatkan pengetahuan anggota komite. Etika kedokteran dewasa ini berkembang sangat pesat. Di Indonesia etika kedokteran relatif baru dan yang berminat tidak banyak sehingga lebih sulit mencari bahan bacaan yang berkaitan dengan hal ini. Pendidikan bagi anggota komite dapat dilakukan dengan belajar sendiri, belajar berkelompok, dan mengundang pakar dalam bidang agama, hukum, sosial, psikologi, atau etika yang mendalami bidang etika kedokteran. Para anggota komite setidaknya harus menguasai berbagai istilah/konsep etika, proses analisa dan pengambilan keputusan dalam etika. Pengetahuan tentang etik akan lebih mudah dipahami jika ia diterapkan dalam berbagai kasus nyata. Semakin banyak kasus yang dibahas, akan semakin jelaslah bagi anggota komite bagaimana bentuk tatalaksana pengambilan keputusan yang baik. Pendidikan etika tidak tebatas pada pimpinan dan staf rumah sakit saja. Pemilik dan anggota yayasan, pasien, keluarga pasien, dan masyarakat dapat diikutsertakan dalam pendidikan etika. Pemahaman akan permasalahan etika akan menambah kepercayaan masyarakat dan membuka wawasan mereka bahwa rumah sakit bekerja untuk kepentingan pasien dan masyarakat pada umumnya. Selama ini dalam struktur rumah sakit di Indonesia dikenal subkomite/panitia etik profesi medik yang merupakan struktur dibawah komite medik yang bertugas menangani masalah etika rumah sakit. Pada umumnya anggota panitia ini adalah dokter dan masalah yang ditangani lebih banyak yang berkaitan dengan pelanggaran etika profesi. Mengingat etika kedokteran sekarang ini sudah berkembang begitu luas dan kompleks maka keberadaan dan posisi panitia ini tidak lagi memadai. Rumah sakit memerlukan tim atau komite yang dapat menangani masalah etika rumah sakit dan tanggung jawab langsung kepada direksi. Komite memberikan saran di bidang etika kepada pimpinan dan staf rumah sakit yang membutuhkan. Keberadaan komite dinyatakan dalam struktur organisasi rumah sakit dan keanggotaan komite diangkat oleh pimpinan rumah sakit atau yayasan rumah sakit. Proses pembentukan KERS ini, rumah sakit memulainya dengan membentuk tim kecil yang terdiri dari beberapa orang yang memiliki kepedulian mendalam dibidang etika kedokteran, bersikap terbuka dan memiliki semangat tinggi. Jumlah anggota disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan. Keanggotaan komite bersifat multi disiplin meliputi dokter (merupakan mayoritas anggota) dari berbagai spesialisasi, perawat, pekerja sosial, rohaniawan, wakil administrasi rumah sakit, wakil masyarakat, etikawan, dan ahli hukum.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> Anime Firehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17706945473275642779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1827615976791918832.post-83635082297056165292010-05-02T03:33:00.001-07:002010-05-02T03:33:27.027-07:00Penyakit jantung aterosklerosis<div class="fullpost"></div><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" 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class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 250%;"><span style="font-size: 24pt; line-height: 250%; font-family: "Chlorinar","sans-serif"; color: black;">Penyakit jantung aterosklerosis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.05pt 0.0001pt 5.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Penyaki</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">jantun</span><span style="">g</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">aterosklerosi</span><span style="">s</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">menganca</span><span style="">m</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">hidu</span><span style="">p</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">jutaa</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">oran</span><span style="">g</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">tia</span><span style="">p</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">tahun</span><span style="">.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Prevalensinya meningka</span><span style="">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">secar</span><span style="">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">pesat</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">tida</span><span style="">k</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">hany</span><span style="">a</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">d</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">negara-negar</span><span style="">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">bara</span><span style="">t</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">tetap</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">jug</span><span style="">a</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">d</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">berbaga</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">negar</span><span style="">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">lainny</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">a</span><span style="">. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Penyaki</span>t</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">in</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">disebabka</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">ole</span><span style="">h</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">penimbuna</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">kolestero</span><span style="">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">da</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">selara</span><span style="">s</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">denga</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">suat</span><span style="">u</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">kondis</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">peradangan </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">kroni</span><span style="">s</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">pad</span><span style="">a</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">dindin</span><span style="">g</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">pembulu</span><span style="">h</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">darah</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">yan</span><span style="">g</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">dapa</span><span style="">t</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">menyebabka</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">penyumbata</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">pembulu</span><span style="">h</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">dan </span><span style="">bermacam</span> <span style="">perwujudan</span> <span style="">klinis.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.2pt 0.0001pt 5.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.9pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Berdasarka</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">observasi/pengamata</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">aka</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">adany</span><span style="">a</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">tendens</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">terken</span><span style="">a</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">jantun</span><span style="">g</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">korone</span><span style="">r</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">karena </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">kandunga</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">za</span><span style="">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">bes</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">yan</span><span style="">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">tingg</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">dala</span><span style="">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">tubuh</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">hingg</span><span style="">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">saa</span><span style="">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">in</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">banya</span><span style="">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">penelitia</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">dasa</span><span style="">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">da</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">penelitian klinis/kedoktera</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">dilakuka</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">untu</span><span style="">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">menjelaska</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">hubunga</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">antar</span><span style="">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">za</span><span style="">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">bes</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">da</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">aterosklerosi</span><span style="">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 4.7pt 4.15pt 0.0001pt 5.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.8pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">akumulas</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">za</span><span style="">t</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">bes</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">d</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">dala</span><span style="">m</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">se</span><span style="">l</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">dan </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">produks</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">radika</span><span style="">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">bebas</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">yan</span><span style="">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">menyebabka</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">pengaktifa</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">sel</span><span style="">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Aktifas</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">se</span><span style="">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">endote</span><span style="">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">adala</span><span style="">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">fenotip</span><span style="">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">yang </span><span style="">menggambarkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">kelumpuhan</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">dari</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">fungsi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">endotel</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> <span style="">pad</span></span><span style="">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">pembuluh</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">darah.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">Aktifasi</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">se</span><span style="">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">endote</span><span style="">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">tidak</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">hanya <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">menstimulas</span>i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">tumbuhny</span><span style="">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">aterosklerosis</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">tetap</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">jug</span><span style="">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">dapa</span><span style="">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">mencetuska</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">penyumbata</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">pembulu</span><span style="">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">darah yan</span><span style="">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">mengakibatka</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">terjadiny</span><span style="">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">seranga</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">jantung</span><span style="">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Dikombinas</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">denga</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">infeks</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">kroni</span><span style="">s,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">za</span><span style="">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">besi </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">dapa</span><span style="">t</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">meningkatka</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">pengaru</span><span style="">h</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">infeks</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">pad</span><span style="">a</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">prose</span><span style="">s</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">pelumpuha</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">dar</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">fungs</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">endote</span><span style="">l</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">pad</span><span style="">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">pembuluh </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">darah</span><span style="">.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Disin</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">diperlihatka</span><span style="">n</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">bahw</span><span style="">a</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">za</span><span style="">t</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="">bes</span></span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="">dapa</span></span><span style="">t</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="">memberika</span></span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="">kontribus</span></span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="">yan</span></span><span style="">g</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="">signifika</span></span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="">dalam </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">mempercepa</span><span style="">t</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">pertumbuha</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">aterosklerosi</span><span style="">s</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">ketik</span><span style="">a</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="">berinteraks</span></span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">denga</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">factor-fakto</span><span style="">r</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">lai</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">penyebab </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">aterosklerosis</span><span style="">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Sebaga</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">tambahan</span><span style="">, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">menjelaska</span>n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">kemungkina</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">efe</span><span style="">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">sampin</span><span style="">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">dar</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">terap</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">EDTA </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">khususny</span><span style="">a</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">dala</span><span style="">m</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">prose</span><span style="">s</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">terjadiny</span><span style="">a</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">aktifas</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">se</span><span style="">l</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">endotel</span><span style="">.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Denga</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">adany</span><span style="">a</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">penemua</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">ini</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">maka </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">penggunaa</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">terap</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">EDT</span><span style="">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">untu</span><span style="">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">aterosklerosi</span><span style="">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">perl</span><span style="">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">dipertimbangka</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">lag</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">terutam</span><span style="">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">dar</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">seg</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">efektifitas </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">da</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">keselamatanny</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">a</span><span style="">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Selai</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">se</span><span style="">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">endote</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">za</span><span style="">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">bes</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">jug</span><span style="">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">dapa</span><span style="">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">mengaktifas</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">se</span><span style="">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">fagosi</span><span style="">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.05pt 0.0001pt 5.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.8pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Aktifas</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;"> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">in</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">menyebabka</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">peradanga</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">yan</span><span style="">g</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">dapa</span><span style="">t</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">mengkomplikasi/mempercepa</span><span style="">t</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">pertumbuhan </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">aterosklerosis</span><span style="">.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Pad</span><span style="">a</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">pembulu</span><span style="">h</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">dara</span><span style="">h</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">otak</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">peradanga</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">in</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">jug</span><span style="">a</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">dapa</span><span style="">t</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">mencetuska</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">pertumbuhan </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">penyaki</span><span style="">t</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">neurodegenerasi</span><span style="">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">menggambarka</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">pengaru</span><span style="">h</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">za</span><span style="">t</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">bes</span><span style="">i</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">dalam </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">meningkatka</span><span style="">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">laj</span><span style="">u</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">da</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">produks</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">dar</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">pengoksidasia</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">kolestero</span><span style="">l</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">LDL/jahat</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">denga</span><span style="">n</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">car</span><span style="">a</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">membentuk </span><span style="">radikal</span> <span style="">bebas</span> <span style="">dari</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="">produk</span> <span style="">metabolisme</span> <span style="">yang</span> <span style="">dihasilkan</span> <span style="">fagosit</span> <span style="">se<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span></span><span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.35pt 0.0001pt 5.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.1pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Berdasarka</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">penemuan-penemua</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">tersebu</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">diatas</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">mak</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">disaranka</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">bahw</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">penguranga</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">zat </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">bes</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">dala</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">dara</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">dapa</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">bermanfaa</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">untu</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">menghindar</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">pengaru</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">buru</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">dar</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">za</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">besi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Identifikas</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">atas </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">pengaru</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">za</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">bes</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">dala</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">prose</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">peradanga</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">kroni</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.65pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p 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{size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt; mso-header-margin:35.4pt; mso-footer-margin:35.4pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "28 Days Later","sans-serif";">Peran Puskesmas dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dalam Meningkatkan Derajat Kesehatan Masyarakat Melalui Program Kesehatan Berbasis Masyarakat</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;">Masalah kesehatan merupakan suatu masalah yang kompleks. Mulai dari ilmu yang digunakan dalam penyelesaian merupakan multidisiplin, sektor yang terkait pun multisektoral, serta subjek yang melaksanankannya pun berasal dari berbagai pihak. Pada tulisan ini yang akan penulis bahas mengerucut pada masalah pelaku kesehatan saja, yaitu masyarakat. Masyarakat memiliki porsi yang perlu diperhitungkan dalam penyelesaian masalah kesehatan dan peningkatan derajat kesehatan. Membicarakan pemberdayaan masyarakat tidak bisa dilepaskan dari fungsi pelayanan kesehatan daerah setempat sebagai fasilitator masyarakat untuk memainkan perannya dalam pembangunan kesehatan di daerahnya sendiri. Selain itu, masalah pemberdayaan masyarakat menjadi hal yang harus dicermati oleh pemerintah mengingat mulai dikembangkannya paradigma sehat di Indonesia. Penerapan paradigma sehat merupakan model pembangunan kesehatan dalam jangka panjang agar mampu mendorong masyarakat untuk bersikap mandiri dalam memelihara kesehatan, melalui peningkatan pelayanan promotif dan preventif disamping kuratif dan rehabilitatif untuk mewujudkan Indonesia Sehat (Castro, 2008). Oleh karenanya sekarang kita bisa melihat berbagai program kesehatan berbasis masyarakat, misalnya program Jemantik, Desa SIAGA, ataupun Klinik Sanitasi. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;">Program berbasis masyarakat ini merupakan stimulant dan bahan pembelajaran bagi masyarakat agar ikut berpartisipasi dan bertanggungjawab atas masalah kesehatan di wilayahnya. Untuk tercapainya keberhasilan program-program kesehatan tersebut, pemerintah pun harus siap untuk memfasilitasi masyarakat yang mencakup pemberian pengetahuan, pemahaman, dan sarana prasarana. Pengetahuan dan pemahaman dapat dilakukan dengan penyuluhan sedangkan sarana prasarana adalah melalui pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat, dalam hal ini adalah puskesmas, yang merupakan perpanjangan tangan pemerintah dalam usaha pemberdayaan masyarakat untuk pembangunan kesehatan. Lantas apakah dengan demikian menurunkan peran pemerintah (petugas pelayanan kesehatan puskesmas) sebagai instansi yang bertanggungjawab akan kesejahteraan (kesehatan) masyarakat? Sejauh apa peran masyarakat dalam menciptakan kesehatan bagi lingkungan masyarakat di sekitarnya, dan bagaimana memberdayakan dan mengorganisir masyarkat agar secara sadar ikut berpartisipasi dalam peningkatan derajat kesehatan? Untuk menjawab semua pertanyaan tersebut maka penulis mengajak pembaca untuk memahami peran maupun fungsi dari pelayanan kesehatan dalam meningkatkan derajat kesehatan terlebih dahulu. Selanjutnya adalah menelaah masalah serta penjelasan dari berbagai sumber untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan di atas. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;">Seperti yang telah disebutkan dalam paragraf sebelumnya bahwa penulis akan menjabarkan arti penting dan peran pelayanan kesehatan, termasuk di dalamnya adalah puskesmas, dalam meningkatkan derajat kesehatan. Pelayanan kesehatan merupakan setiap bentuk pelayanan atau program kesehatan yang ditujukan pada perseorangan atau masyarakat dan dilaksanakan secara perseorangan atau secara bersama-sama dalam suatu organisasi, dengan tujuan untuk memelihara ataupun meningkatkan derajat kesehatan yang dipunyai. Selain itu terdapat lima fungsi utama pelayanan kesehatan di antaranya adalah; 1)mendorong masyarakat melaksanakan kegiatan-kegiatan untuk menyelesaikan persoalan mereka sendiri, 2)memberi petunjuk kepada masyarakat tentang cara-cara menggali dan menggunakan sarana yangada secara efektif dan efisien, 3)memberi pelayanan kesehatan langsung kepada masyarakat, 4)memberi bantuan yang bersifat teknis, bahan-bahan serta rujukan, 5)bekerja sama dengan sektor lain dalam melaksanakan program kerja Puskesmas. Dalam teori Blum dijelaskan pula bahwa, status kesehatan dipengaruhi oleh empat faktor yaitu; lingkungan (45%), perilaku (30%), pelayanan kesehatan (20%) dan faktor keturunan (5%). Berbagai penjelasan di atas sudah jelas menggambarkan pentingnya pelayanan kesehatan untuk meningkatkan derajat kesehatan masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah Indonesia mengakomodir kebutuhan akan pelayanan kesehatan ini. Upaya ini telah diusahakan pemerintah hampir tiga dasawarsa. Mulai dari diperkenalkannya Konsep Bandung tahun 1951 dimana mulai diperkenalkan bahwa pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat, aspek kuratif dan preventif tidak dapat dipisahkan (Notoatmojo, 2007). </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;">Dilanjutkan dengan proyek Bekasi pada tahun 1956 sebagai awal kegiatan pengembangan masyarakat sebagai bagian dari upaya pengembangan kesehatan masyarakat, dan sampai akhirnya rapat kerja kesehatan nasional tahun 1968 dicetuskan bahwa Puskesmas merupakan sistem pelayanan kesehatan terpadu. Beralih pada fungsi puskesmas, dalam Sistem Kesehatan Nasional dijelaskan bahwa Puskesmas memiliki tiga fungsi, yaitu sebagai pusat penggerak pembangunan berwawasan kesehatan, pusat pemberdayaan masyarakat dan keluarga dalam pembangunan kesehatan dan pusat pelayanan kesehatan tingkat pertama. Sedang pelayanan upaya kesehatan di Puskesmas tersebut dilaksanakan melalui berbagai kegiatan pokok, yaitu : 1)peningkatan kesejahteraan ibu dan anak, 2)peningkatan upaya keluarga berncana, 3)perbaikan gizi 4)peningkatan kesehatan lingkungan, 5)pencegahan dan pemberantasan penyakit, 6)penyuluhan kesehatan masyarakat, 7)pengobatan termasuk penanggulangan kecelakaan, 8)perawatan kesehatan masyarakat, 9)peningkatan usaha kesehatan sekolah, 10)peningkatan usaha kesehatan gigi dan mulut, 11)peningkatan kesehatan jiwa, 13)peningkatan kesehatan jiwa, 14)pemeriksaan laboratorium sederhana dan 15)pencatatan dan pelaporan. Dengan penjabaran upaya kesehatan yang berasal dari Puskesmas tersebut, tidak mengherankan jika pelayanan kesehatan (puskesmas) menempati posisi penting dalam upaya peningkatan derajat kesehatan masyarakat. Apalagi dengan adanya desentralisasi permasalahan kesehatan di tingkat nasional ke daerah merupakan inovasi yang patut disambut dengan baik untuk menanggulangi berbagai masalah kesehatan seperti disparitas pelayanan kesehatan yang masih tinggi, rendahnya kualitas kesehatan penduduk miskin, rendahnya kondisi kesehatan lingkungan, birokratisasi pelayanan Puskesmas, dan minimnya kesadaran masyarakat untuk terlibat dalam mewujudkan visi Indonesia Sehat 2010. Puskesmas sebagai unit pelayanan kesehatan yang terinstitusionalisasi mempunyai kewenangan yang besar dalam menciptakan inovasi model pelayanan kesehatan di aras basis. Artinya, puskesmas memiliki satu peran strategis untuk mengorganisir masyarakat dalam mengupayakan kesehatan masyarkat. Hal ini pun telah tertuang di dalam Sistem Kesehatan Nasional, dalanm bab keempat : subsistem upaya kesehatan, disebutkan di dalamnya bahwa subsistem upaya kesehatan adalah tatanan yang menghimpun berbagai upaya kesehatan masyarakat (UKM) dan upaya kesehatan (UKP) secara terpadu dan saling mendukung guna menjamin tercapainya derajat kesehatan masyarakat yang setinggi-tingginya. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;">Tujuan dari upaya kesehatan yang saling mendukung ini adalah terselenggaranya upaya kesehatan yang tercapai (accessible), terjangkau (afforrdable), dan bermutu (quality) untuk menjamin terselenggaranya pembangunan kesehatan guna meningkatkan kesehatan masyarakat yang setinggi-tingginya. Dengan demikian, pemerintah maupun penyelenggara pelayanan kesehatan tidak dapat bekerja sendiri untuk membangun kesehatan masyarakat. Baik masyarakat maupun individu dari masyarakat itu sendiri juga harus memiliki pemahaman yang sama dengan pemerintah. Oleh karena itulah, sudah menjadi konsekuensi pemerintah atau petugas pelayanan kesehatan (puskesmas) untuk memberdayakan dan mengorganisasikan masyarakat. Seperti yang telah disebutkan pada paragraf sebelumnya, puskesmas memiliki peran untuk memberdayakan masyarakat, dengan tujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman dalam membangun kesehatan masyarakat. Telah disebutkan pula pada paragraf awal bahwa masalah pemberdayaan masyarakat ini pun muncul akibat tercetusnya paradigma sehat demi meningkatkan derajat kesehatan di masyarakat. Pentingnya pemberdayaan masyarakat pun disebutkan Winslow (1920) dalam teorinya tentang kesehatan masyarakat. Arti kesehatan masyarakat menurut Winslow; yaitu ilmu dan seni mencegah penyakit, memperpanjang hidup, dan meningkatkan kesehatan melalui usaha-usaha pengorganisasian masyarakat untuk perbaikan sanitasi lingkungan, pemberantasan penyakit-penyakit menular, pendidikan untuk kebersihan perorangan, dan pengorganisasian pelayanan medis dan perawatan untuk diagnosis dini dan pengobatan. Sebelum beranjak lebih jauh, penulis akan menjelaskan lebih dulu pengertian dan fungsi pengorganisasian dan pemberdayaan masyarakat, sebagai bentuk upaya peningkatan fungsi Puskesmas. Pengorganisasian masyarakat dalam rangka pencapaian tujuan-tujuan kesehatan masyarakat, pada hakikatnya adalah menghimpun potensi masyarakat atau sumber daya (resources) yang ada di dalam masyarakat itu sendiri untuk upaya-upaya, yaitu: preventif, kuratif, promotif, dan rehabilitatif kesehatan mereka sendiri. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;">Dari sumber lain, pengorganisasian dan pengembangan masyarakt diartikan sebagai teknologi yang digunakan untuk melakukan intervensi pada faktor pendukung (enabling factors) sebagai salah satu prasyarakat untuk terjadinya proses perubahan perilaku. Dengan teknologi pengorganisasian dan pengembangan sumber daya yang ada pada masyarakat sehingga mampu mandiri untuk meningkatkan derajat kesehatannya (Sasongko, 2000). Pengorganisasian masyarakat bertujuan untuk mendorong secara efektif modal sosial masyarakat agar mempunyai kekuatan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan dalam hal kesehatan secara mandiri. Melalui proses pengorganisasian, masyarakat diharapkan mampu belajar untuk menyelesaikan ketidakberdayaannya dan mengembangkan potensinya dalam mengontrol kesehatan lingkungannya dan memulai untuk menentukan sendiri upaya-upaya strategis di masa depan; Memperkokoh kekuatan komunitas basis: Pengorganisasian masyarakat bertujuan untuk membangun dan menjaga keberlanjutan kelompok-kelompok kesehatan (Posyandu, Polindes, Dokter Kecil dan lainnya). Organisasi di area komunitas dapat menjamin tingkat partisipasi, pada saat bersamaan, mengembangkan dan memperjumpakan dengan organisasi atau kelompok lain untuk semakin memperkokoh kekuatan komunitas, serta membangun aliansi untuk menambah proses pembelajaran dan menambah kekuatan diri. Dari dua hal di atas, yaitu peran pemerintah dan pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam pembangunan kesehatan, muncul kontroversial bahwa pemerintah sewajarnya menjadi penanggung jawab dari kesejahteraan termasuk kesehatan warga negaranya namun haruskah masyarakat dilibatkan dalam pembangunan kesehatan ini? Apakah dengan diberdayakannya masyarakat lantas artinya pemerintah ’angkat tangan’ dalam tanggung jawab ini? Perlu kita pahami bahwa masalah kesehatan merupakan masalah yang perlu diupayakan oleh semua orang atau semua pihak. Ada ungkapan lebih baik mencegah daripada mengobati, filosofi ini muncul karena kesehatan menjadi masalah berat apabila orang atau masyarakat mengalami sakit. Selain itu, kesehatan sebenarnya dapat diupayakan oleh tiap individu atau masyarakat asalkan mau berperilaku sehat. Oleh karena itu, akhirnya peran pemerintah tidak hanya menyediakan pelayanan kesehatan yang accessible, baik dalam hal jarak maupun penjaminan masyarakat atas pelayanan kesehatan tersebut, tapi juga memberikan pencerdasan melalui penyuluhan atau pengkaderan masyarakat agar dapat berupaya untuk hidup sehat, dalam hal ini merupakan peran petugas kesehatan pelayanan kesehatan (puskesmas) setempat. Dari fungsi Puskesmas yang telah kita bahas sebelumnya pun jelas peran Puskesmas bukan saja persoalan teknis medis tetapi juga bagaimana keterampilan sumber daya manusia yang mampu mengorganisir modal sosial yang ada di masyarakat. Lalu sejauh apa masyarakat terlibat dalam pembangunan kesehatan demi tercapainya paradigma sehat? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini penulis akan mengaitkan program-program puskesmas yang berbasis. Satu diantarnya adalah upaya perbaikan gizi masyarakat: pembinaan pengembangan UPGK dan pelayanan gizi. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;">Pembinaan UPGK merupakan kegiatan kunjungan petugas Puskesmas ke tiap posyandu desa atau RW. Selain itu, Kegiatan ini meliputi penyuluhan, pemberian nasehat pada masyarakat ataupun kader atau volunter di desa/RW tersebut. Tindak lanjut dari penyuluhan ini biasanya diterapkan para kader kesehatan di desa atau RW setempat dalam kegiatan Posyandu, misalnya saja dengan pemberian makanan tambahan pada masyarakat yang menimbang anaknya ke posyandu serta transfer ilmu dari kader kesehatan pada masyarakat setempat. Dengan demikian, harapan dari adanya penyuluhan sekaligus pemberian makanan yang memenuhi gizi ini dapat menjadi awal dari tindakan masing-masing keluarga untuk menggalakkan peningkatan gizi kesehatan. Selain itu, baru-baru ini puskesmas Sukmajaya Depok mengadakan penyuluhan kepada para kader di Kelurahan Baktijaya dalam rangka Pelaksanaan Klinik Sanitasi dan Kelurahan Sehat Berbasis Masyarakat. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;">Klinik sanitasi merupakan suatu upaya kegiatan yang mengintegrasikan layanan kesehatan promotif, preventif, dan kuratif yang difokuskan pada penduduk yang beresiko tinggi untuk mengatasi masalah penyakit berbasis lingkungan dan masalah kesehatan lingkungan pemukiman yang dilakukan oleh petugas Puskesmas bersama masyarakat yang dapat dilaksanakan secara pasif dan aktif di dalam dan di luar Puskesmas. Dari penjelasan tersebut jelas bahwa masing-masing pihak, baik pihak Puskesmas maupun masyarakat memiliki peran dalam upaya ini. Lebih jelasnya adalah Puskesmas berperan menyelenggarakan pelaksanaan klinik sanitasi di dalam dan di luar gedung Puskesmas (terjun langsung ke RW/ daerah binaanya), mengumpulkan dan mengolah data tentang kualitas lingkungan, melakukan pengawasan, penilaian dan perbaikan kualitas lingkungan. Bagaimana karakteristik dan potensi tiap daerah tentu saja lebih diketahui oleh masyarakat yang terkait bukan? di sinilah peran masyarakat dalam program ini. Selain menjadi sumber informasi atas kualitas lingkungan yang akan dijadikan parameter penanggulangan masalah penyakit berbasis lingkungan, masyarakat juga punya peran untuk membina keluarga yang sadar akan kesehatan, ikut serta melakukan intentarisasi data sarana kesehatan lingkungan, melakukan pengorganisasian dan pendanaan, serta mengembangkan cara penilaian oleh masyarakat sendiri. Dengan begitu, kita kembali menyimpulakan bahwa Puskesmas perlu memberdayakan dan mengorganisir masyarakat, paling tidak kader kesehatan di tiap daerah, untuk ikut serta dalam pembangunan kesehatan di lingkungan tempat tinggal mereka karena pemerintah kita pun memiliki keterbatasan petugas kesehatan profesional dan pendanaan yang kurang optimal untuk mendukung semua program kesehatan daerah. Dari contoh-contoh program kesehatan Puskesmas yang melibatkan pemberdayaan masyarakat, kita dapat lihat bahwa keterlibatan masyarakat dalam upaya-upaya kesehatan ternyata cukup besar, mulai dari sebagai sumber informasi dan data, tataran pelaksanaan termasuk pendanaan, sampai penilaian program itu sendiri. Apakah lantas artinya pemerintah/Puskesmas lepas tangan? Penulis tidak melihat indikasi itu meskipun terlihat ketelibatan masyarakat cukup luas. Untuk mengawali program ini, Puskesmas terlebih dahulu memberikan penyuluhan kepada kader kesehatan di masyarakat. Selain dari itu, telah disebutkan pula bahwa petugas Puskesmas-lah yang menyipkan penanganan dari klinik Sanitasi meskipun dengan keterbatasan sumber daya manusia yang profesional di bidang medis memaksa petugas puskesmas ini mobile, bisa jadi berada di dalam dan di luar Puskesmas. Masalah pendanaan, membicarakan pendanaan memang lebih memicu sensivitas, sumber dana dari klinik sanitasi ini diperoleh dari Dana Operasional Puskesmas APBN, APBD Provinsi, APBD Kabupaten, bantuan luar negeri, Kemitraan dan swadaya masyarakat. Letak Puskesmas yang dekat dengan tempat tinggal masyarakat dan lebih dijangkau masyarakat menumbuhkan peran yang lebih dari Puskesmas. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;">Oleh karena itu pula, pemerintah lebih bisa membuat program-program kesehatan berbasis masyarakat melaui Puskesmas. Program-program kesehatan berbasis masyarakat dirasa penulis efektif dalam memberikan pendidikan kesehatan pada masyarakat karena tidak semua upaya untuk sehat membutuhkan pelayanan medis tapi juga harus didukung dengan perilaku sehat, lingkungan yang bersih dan sehat. Meskipun sekarang ini sudah muncul banyak Posyandu di tiap desa atau RW namun peran Puskesmas tetap dibutuhkan sebab penyelenggara Posyandu merupakan masyarakat setempat yang masih membutuhkan pengarahan dari petugas kesehatan, dalam hal ini adalah petugas Puskesmas. Pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam program-program kesehatan berbasis masyarakat bukan merupakan upaya lepas tangan seperti apa yang dilakukan pemerintah dalam perberlakuan BHP, tapi hal ini merupakan hasil perumusan solusi dari berbagai masalah kesehatan yang kompleks di Indonesia, mulai darikurangnya sumber daya manusia profesional, dana dan kurangnya kemampuan pemerintah pusat dalam memantau masalah kesehatan di daerah-daerah. Seperti yang kita tahu dari teori Blum ataupun Winslow pada pembahasan sebelumnya bahwa untuk menciptakan kesehatan diperlukan kerjasama yang baik antara penyelenggara pemerintahan dan masyarakat sendiri. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;">Upaya-upaya pencegahan penyakit sebenarnya bisa dilakukan oleh tiap individu atau keluarga di masyarakat sedangkan upaya kuratif dan rehabilitaif membutuhkan peran pemerintah yang sebesar-besarnya dalam penyediaan pelayanan medis di tiap daerah. Meskipun begitu, pemerintah tetap punya tanggungjawab untuk memberikan fasilitas, sarana, dan prasarana untuk mencerdaskan dan memberikan pengetahuan pada masyarakat bagaimana berperilaku sehat dan menciptakan lingkungan yang sehat untuk mendukung upaya peningkatan derajat kesehatan mulai dari tingkat individu, keluarga, masyarakat sampai akhirnya tingkat negara. Hanya saja, penulis harapkan pada pertugas Puskesmas agar menjaga maintanance program-program kesehatan berbasis masyarakat ini. Jangan sampai setelah memberikan penyuluhan dan pemberian sarana lantas tidak dipantau karena bagaimanapun juga masyarakat yang terlibat tidak semuanya paham akan pentingnya program-program tersebut, meskipun sebenarnya program tersebut dimaksudkan untuk peningkatan kesejahteraan (kesehatan) hidup mereka sendiri. Selain dari itu, pemantauan yang dilakukan pun haruslah rutin meskipun sudah terlihat adanya kemandirian dari masyarakat dan juga pemberian reward pada kader kesehatan yang dianggap bisa dijadikan teladan bagi kader kesehatan lainnya demi munculnya rasa dihargai oleh petugas Puskesmas yang mereka anggap sebagai perpanjangan tanngan dari pemerintahan negara. Semoga dengan adanya kerjasama yang baik antara pemerintah, dalam hal ini adalah Puskesmas, dan masyarakat dapat mewujudkan derajat kesehatan yang lebih baik untuk Indonesia yang lebih baik. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Azwar, Arul. 1980. Pengantar Administrasi Kesehatan. Jakarta: PT Grafiti Medika Pers. Depkes RI. 1984. Pedoman Stratifikasi Puskesmas. ---------------.1984 Kumpulan Materi SIAGA Kota Depok. 2007. Depok: SATLAK PPK-IPM Kota Depok BidKes Materi Pelatihan Kader Dasawisma Dalam Pelaksanaan Klinik Sanitasi dan Kelurahan Sehat Berbasis Masyarakat. 2008. Depok: SATLAK PPK-IPM Kota Depok BidKes Muninjaya, A.A Gde. 1999. Manajemen Pelayanan Kesehatan. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC. Notoatmodjo, Soekidjo. 2007. Kesehatan Masyarakat: Ilmu dan Seni. Jakarta: Penerbit Rineka Cipta. Saleh, Maya Syahria. 2007. ”Puskesmas Sebagai Agen Pemberdayaan Masyarakat” dalam www.pusdakota.org yang diakses tanggal 24 Desember 2008, pukul 20.00 WIB. Sasongko, Adi. 2000. dalam Materi Pengorganisasian dan Pengembangan Masyarakat. Depok: Departemen Pendidikan dan Promosi Kesehatan, FKM UI. Sistem Kesehatan Nasional *Tulisan ini pernah dikirim sebagai paper tugas akhir mata kuliah Administrasi Kesehatan di FKM UI tahun 2008.</p> Anime Firehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17706945473275642779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1827615976791918832.post-84367599174268532982010-05-02T03:25:00.000-07:002010-05-02T03:29:20.180-07:00Pemberdayaan Masyarakat<div class="fullpost"></div><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CNIWADA%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CNIWADA%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" 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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 24pt; font-family: Alias; color: blue;">Pemberdayaan_Masyarakat</span><span style="font-size: 24pt; font-family: Alias;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kegiatan-kegiatan komponen pemberdayaan masyarakat meliputi serangkaian kegiatan yang diawali dengan membangun kesadaran kritis masyarakat, pengorganisasian masyarakat hingga perencanaan partisipatif untuk penyusunan rencana tindak pengelolaan sampah berbasis komunitas dari, oleh dan untuk masyarakat.
<br />
<br />Pengorganisasian Masyarakat
<br />
<br />Kegiatan pengorganisasian masyarakat diawali dengan kegiatan-kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan pembangunan kesadaran kritis masyarakat, melalui serangkaian kegiatan diskusi kelompok terarah atau Focussed Group Discussion (FGD) dan pemetaan swadaya atau Survai Kampung Sendiri (SKS), sebagai upaya mendorong masyarakat membahas bersama persoalan riil di bidang air bersih dan sanitasi yang dihadapi dan bagaimana menyelesaikannya, serta apa yang dibutuhkan untuk menanggulangi masalah air bersih dan sanitasi secara efektif dalam bentuk antara lain; komitmen (individu dan kelompok), keahlian, sumberdaya, kelembagaan, organisasi dan lain-lainnya.
<br />
<br />Proses pengorganisasian masyarakat ini akan mengarah pada terbentuknya kader masyarakat yang kemudian bersama fasilitator mendorong peran aktif masyarakat, dalam proses pengukuhan lembaga komunitas sebagai representasi masyarakat yang akan berperan sebagai motor penggerak masyarakat dalam melakukan pengelolaan sampah berbasis komunitas di wilayahnya.
<br />
<br />Pemasaran Sosial Air bersih dan Sanitasi
<br />
<br />Masalah air bersih dan sanitasi merupakan masalah yang melibatkan beberapa faktor antara lain: masyarakat sebagai pelaku penghasil sampah, teknologi dan managemen pengelolaan sanitasi yang masing-masing saling pengaruh mempengaruhi. Oleh karena warga masyarakat merupakan faktor yang sangat menentukan baik sebagai penghasil, pengguna teknologi dan pelaksana manajemen pengelolaan sampah, maka keterlibatan warga masyarakat dalam pengelolaan sampah merupakan titik sentral dalam pekerjan pemberdayaan ini.
<br />
<br />Metode menumbuhkan Kesadaran dan Partisipasi masayarkat dirumuskan dengan tahapan sebagai berikut :
<br />
<br />1. Menyampaikan pengetahuan mengenai kesehatan lingkungan, sanitasi, teknologi Sanitasi
<br />2. Menumbuhkan keinginan untuk mengatasi masalah sanitasi
<br />3. Memberikan pelatihan ketrampilan pembuatan fasilitas sanitasi
<br />4. Pengenalan penggunaan teknologi sanitasi
<br />5. Menyediakan fasilitas sanitasi di tingkat rumah tangga maupun kelompok (komunal)
<br />6. Mengembangkan sistem monitoring dan evaluasi sanitasi di tingkat RT/RW secara mandiri
<br />7. Perencanaan Partisipatif Rencana Tindak Komunitas Pengelolaan Sampah Berbasis Komunitas
<br />
<br />Perencanaan partisipatif pada dasarnya adalah sebuah proses untuk mengidentifikasi tujuan dan menterjemahkan tujuan tersebut ke dalam kegiatan yang nyata/konkret dan spesifik.Perencanaan partisipatif akan diawali dengan kegiatan survai kampung sendiri, dimana kegiatan ini dimaksudkan untuk memetakan kondisi fisik lingkungan dan sosial masyarakat. Untuk menciptakan rasa percaya masyarakat terhadap hasil-hasil perencanaan, maka survai kampung sendiri dilakukan oleh masyarakat dengan didampingi oleh fasilitator. Hasil dari pemetaan tersebut selanjutnya akan menghasilkan data tentang kebutuhan masyarakat yang kemudian diinventarisasikan untuk bidang persampahan dan sanitasi sesuai dengan tujuan dan sasaran program.
<br />
<br />Untuk menjamin bahwa perencanaan benar-benar dilakukan secara partisipatif, Fasilitator dibantu oleh Kader Masyarakat memfasilitasi pelaksanaan perencanaan di masyarakat dengan mempergunakan input data yang diperoleh dari survai kampung sendiri. Hasil dari perencanaan partisipatif tersebut selanjutnya akan dituangkan dalam Rencana Tindak. Hasil dari kegiatan penyusunan rencana tindak komunitas tersebut adalah disepakatinya visi dan misi pengelolaan persampahan dan sanitasi di wilayah Pilot Projec.
<br />
<br />Pengertian masyarakat dalam pekerjaan ini adalah seluruh warga di lokasi sasaran yang setelah melalui proses pemberdayaan dapat menyadari dan memahami kondisi wilayahnya serta persoalan persampahan dan sanitasi yang perlu dihadapi dan sepakat untuk menanggulangi permasalahan persampahan dan sanitasi tersebut secara sistematik.
<br />
<br />Pendamping Masyarakat Dalam Proses Pemberdayaan Masyarakat
<br />
<br />Tim Fasilitator sebagai input proyek, secara intensif memfasilitasi Kader Masyarakat; Lembaga Komunitas serta masyarakat secara umum. Tim fasilitator merupakan bagian dari Tim Konsultan. Adapun tugas dari fasilitator adalah:
<br />
<br />1. Melakukan sosialisasi yaitu menyebarkan informasi mengenai program pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam masalah air bersih dan sanitasi.
<br />2. Menyebar luaskan pengetahuan mengenai sanitasi lingkungan.
<br />3. Mencatat semua data kemajuan proyek di lapangan.
<br />4. Melakanakan kegiatan pelatihan untuk memperkuat dan mengembangkan kapasitas kader masyarakat sebagai agen pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam mengelola air bersih dan sanitasi yang sehat di wilayah lokasi pilot project.
<br />5. Dalam melaksanakan pemberdayaan masyarakat, tim fasilitator bertugas antara lain bersama masyarakat (kader masyarakat) memfasilitasi proses diskusi kelompok terfokus, mengembangkan lembaga kemasyarakatan yang berkaitan dengan pengelolaan sanitasi yang sehat; memperkenalkan berbagai macam teknologi sederhana air bersih dan sanitasi terpadu,
<br />6. Melaksanakan tugas advokasi, mediasi dan kemitraan strategis (networking) antar semua pihak terkait yang bermanfaat bagi masyarakat.
<br />7. Melaksanakan monitoring dan evaluasi
<br />
<br />Sumber : http://www.dimsum.its.ac.id/id/?page_id=9 <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> Anime Firehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17706945473275642779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1827615976791918832.post-90404349874503439212010-05-02T03:24:00.000-07:002010-05-02T03:25:53.245-07:00Macam macam penyakit paru paru dan cara mengatasinya..??<div class="fullpost"></div><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CNIWADA%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CNIWADA%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" 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mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 24pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Macam macam penyakit paru paru dan cara mengatasinya..??<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="">1. Penyakit (sebenernya bukan "disease", tapi "disorder" gt bhs inggrisnya) pada Jalan nafas.</b>
<br />Contohnya Asma, ini gangguan pada jalan nafas bawah..bukan paru-nya sih. Jalan nafas yg terganggu misalnya Bronchiolus, bronkus...gitu ada sumbatan...atau menyempit...
<br />Cara mengatasi asma sih, ya diberi bronchodilator (yang melebarkan bronchus...supaya lancar)
<br /><b style="">2. Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronis (PPOK atau Inggrisnya Chronic Obstruktif Pulmonary Disease - COPD)</b>
<br />Penyakit ini ya berarti ada sumbatan di paru gitu. Gejalanya itu batuk berdahak dan nafas yg pendek. Penyakit ini utamanya disebabkan oleh rokok. Pnanganannya...humm...gimana ya? penyakit ini prognosis (harapan sembuhnya) buruk sih. Tapi intinya terapinya ya dengan berhenti merokok dan terapi oksigen. Obat2 bronchodilator juga bisa digunakan, tapi untuk menghilangkan gejala aja, bukan menyembuhkan. Trus, rehabilitasi juga ada...dengan latihan fisik yang teratur. Selain itu juga ada terapi operasi, yaitu transplantasi paru.
<br /><b style="">3. Bronchiectasis</b>
<br />Di penyakit ini terjadi pelebaran bronchus yang abnormal, dan kerusakan dinding bronchus. Penyebabnya misalnya infeksi paru, sumbatan jalan nafas, respon imun yg kurang thdp benda asing, seperti rokok.
<br />Penanganan: kalo karena infeksi ya antibiotik. Bronchodilator juga sering diberikan
<br /><b style="">4. Pneumonia</b>
<br />Ini termasuk penyakit infeksi, bisa karena bakteri H.Influenzae, S.aureus, S.pneumoniae, dsb. Gejalanya: sesak nafas, batuk, demam, berkeringat. Penanganan: antibiotik sesuai bakteri penyebabnya. Cara tau bakterinya ya bakteri itu dikultur, diambil dari dahak yang dikeluarin kalo batuk itu.
<br /><b style="">5. Tuberculosis paru</b>
<br />Gejalanya: turun berat badan, rasa capek berlebih, demam, berkeringat malam hari, dan batuk. Disebabkan M. tuberculosis. Ati2 nular banget.
<br />Penanganan: kombinasi antibiotik, diberikan dalam jangka waktu kurang lebih 3 bulan. Biasanya kombinasi dari Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, dan Ethambutol. Sering ditambahkan Streptomycin. Jadwal minum obat tergantung keparahannya, dan jenisnya. Beda lagi terapi buat orang yg TBC, tapi juga punya AIDS.
<br /><b style="">6. Tumor Paru</b>
<br />wa banyak banget! ada tumor ganas dan jinak. Kalo yg sering disebabkan oleh rokok itu Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Trus ada Adenocarcinoma juga,,,lhah banyak. Penanganan buat tumor biasanya ya dioperasi, diambil tumornya, sama organnya kalo sudah menjalar.
<br />
<br />yah, segitu yang saya bisa ketik...
<br />semoga membantu...</p> <h3>materi referensi:</h3> <p class="MsoNormal">Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2008 International Edition, McGraw Hill</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 24pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> Anime Firehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17706945473275642779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1827615976791918832.post-89826357327423309532010-05-02T03:19:00.000-07:002010-05-02T03:21:10.889-07:00Peningkatan kualitas pelayanan kesehatan<div class="fullpost"></div><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CNIWADA%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="Edit-Time-Data" 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kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.4pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 112pt; line-height: 10.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pemb</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>aya <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nuh</span><span style="">i</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 36.1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 12.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>atu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span>yat<span style="">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pem</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>atu <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ve<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>s<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>er <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>aya<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>a<span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>eks<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pemb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> M</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">)</span><span style="">.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">A</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">.</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">E</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">R</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">L</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">A</span>H<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">A</span>N</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 45.7pt 0.0001pt 76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Perm</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>t<span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">:</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">(</span>1<span style="">)</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">cu</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>p t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ya <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>tas <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span>s</span>tat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>tar <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>kat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">so</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>a<span style="">l</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ek<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="">, </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>tar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>aa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="">(</span>2<span style="">)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>tas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">cu</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>p t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">;</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">(</span>3<span style="">)</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">re</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="">;</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">(</span>4<span style="">)</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">il</span>aku <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>p<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>at<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span>at<span style=""> </span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span>m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>h<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">re</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="">;</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">(</span>5<span style="">)</span><span style=""> </span>keter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>aya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">;</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">(</span>6<span style="">)</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erata<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="">(</span>7<span style="">)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nf</span>aatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">f</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>tas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">; (</span>8<span style="">)</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>akat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nc</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">f</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>tas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="">;</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="">(</span>9<span style="">)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">re</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">hn</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="">i </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>as<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nn</span>ya<span style="">;</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">(</span>10<span style="">)</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>h<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">re</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">hn</span>ya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">SDM </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">;</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">(</span>11<span style="">)</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">p</span>eran <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>tas <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ekt<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>am <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">B</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">R</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">A</span>N</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">1.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">M</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">unn</span>ya a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ka ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>tan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ka ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">m</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">2.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">M</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>kat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ya ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>akat ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>ap<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>aya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">3.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">M</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>kat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">U</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">HH</span><span style="">)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>62<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">,</span>9<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">hu</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="">i</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 94pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">67<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">,</span>9 ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">hun</span><span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.55pt 37.65pt 0.0001pt 94pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">4.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">M</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">unn</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>ay<span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">d</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>40<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>1<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">0</span>00<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">5.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">M</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">unn</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">4</span>77<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>125</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -1pt 0.0001pt 94pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">er 100<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">0</span>00 k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 37.95pt 0.0001pt 94pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">6.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">M</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>kat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>akat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>ap<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>aya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">d</span><span style="">i </span>atas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>1<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">5</span>%<span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section2"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">C.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">R</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">A</span>H<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> K</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">EB</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">J</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">A</span>N</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.2pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 45.7pt 0.0001pt 76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 99%;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 99%; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">U</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 99%; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 99%; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nc</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>t<span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>kan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>an ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="">:</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">(</span>1<span style="">)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">li</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">(</span>2<span style="">)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>tas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>tas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">3</span><span style="">)</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>tem <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="">(</span>4<span style="">)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">os</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="">i </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>p<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>at<span style="">;</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">(</span>5<span style="">)</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>akat <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="">;</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">(</span>6<span style="">)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">li</span>tas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">f</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>tas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.2pt 35.95pt 0.0001pt 76pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 12.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pemb</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mpr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>aya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pre</span>ve<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>aya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">re</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">ili</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">f</span><span style="">.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">P</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">hu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>kan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 38.05pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>aerah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tert<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="">l</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">w</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Agr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">li</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">n</span><span style="">, </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mp</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>eta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span>aan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ge</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>er<span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.85pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">D</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">PR</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">O</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">R</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">A</span>M</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">.</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ra</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>om<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">b</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ayaa</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">yara</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">t</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 45.8pt 0.0001pt 76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pr</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gr</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">am<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">i</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>kan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>ayakan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">u</span><span style="">, </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rg</span>a<span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>akat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mp</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">uh</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">il</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>p <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>aya ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">berb</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>t<span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.3pt 38.8pt 0.0001pt 76pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>am <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gr</span>am <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">n</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="">:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 11.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">1.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>a<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style=""> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style=""> </span>tek<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">g</span><span style="">i</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 94pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Ko</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nf</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rm</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">E</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">E</span><span style="">);</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">2.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>aya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>er<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="">i</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>t</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 38.4pt 0.0001pt 94pt; line-height: 12.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">(</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>ert<span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>aya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">li</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="">)</span> <span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">3.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span>akat<span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">4.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>aan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span>akat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="">(<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">J</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">M</span><span style="">)</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -1pt 0.0001pt 94pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">y</span>a ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rg</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">5.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>aan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>era<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="">l</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>as <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">re</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 38.15pt 0.0001pt 94pt; line-height: 12.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>as<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="">i</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>at<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>ve<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pre</span>ve<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">n</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>ve<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section3"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">2</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">.</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ra</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n L<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">gk</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">un</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.55pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 45.85pt 0.0001pt 76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">U</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ew<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>kan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>tu <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>p <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="">i</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>tem<span style=""> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style=""> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">w</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>aya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span>erakkan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pemb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span>kt<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>erwa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">w</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.85pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gr</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">n</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">1<span style="">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ye<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">2<span style="">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pem</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>aan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">w</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">li</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">3<span style="">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mp</span>ak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">re</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>ko<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nc</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">4<span style="">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">w</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">il</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>yah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>at<span style="">.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">3</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">.</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ra</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>U<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ay</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">yara</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">t</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 45.7pt 0.0001pt 76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">U</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katkan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erataa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">n</span><span style="">,</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">li</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>s<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>aya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">m</span>as <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nn</span>ya <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>t<span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>as <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gr</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span><span style="">:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.55pt 37.65pt 0.0001pt 88pt; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">1.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">aya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>as <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nn</span>ya <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>erta <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>t<span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 36.6pt 0.0001pt 88pt; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">2.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>aa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>kata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>kan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>as<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nn</span>ya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">hu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>as<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>s<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 38pt 0.0001pt 88pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Agr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">li</span>tan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">C</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Agr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">li</span>tan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">D</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a- <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">3.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>aan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>era<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>ek<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rm</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>at</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -1pt 0.0001pt 88pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 45.95pt 0.0001pt 88pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">4.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">katan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>aya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span>ar <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nc</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>p <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">os</span><span style="">i </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rg</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>ere<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">iz</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>era<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 88pt; line-height: 11.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 37.75pt 0.0001pt 88pt; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">5.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">ye<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>aan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>aya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>era<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="">l</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>aan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">u</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nn</span>ya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span><span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 11.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">6.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">aya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>akat <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="">i</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 88pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Agr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>tan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> D</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Agr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">C</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ter<span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 37.65pt 0.0001pt 88pt; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 12.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">7.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">ye<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>aan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>era<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">U</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">S</span>G<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Per</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nn</span>ya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>et<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>ap<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Ra<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">w</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ap<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section4"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">4</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">.</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ra</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>U<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ay</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.55pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 38.65pt 0.0001pt 76pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">U</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katkan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">li</span>tas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>aya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">per</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gr</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="">:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">1.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pemb</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>g<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 88pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Agr</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">tan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">C</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ter/<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">D</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>k;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">2.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">katan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>R<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">w</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ap <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -1pt 0.0001pt 88pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">3.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>aan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">perbe</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>t<span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">4.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">katan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>aya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">5.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>aya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>kter k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rg</span>a<span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">6.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">ye<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>aan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>ya <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pem</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>aa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 37.8pt 0.0001pt 88pt; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">7.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">katan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>eran <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>erta <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ek<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">w</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ta <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>am <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>ya <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 11.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">8.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">era<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>tek<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">g</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> <span style="">i</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nf</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rm</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>tan</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">5</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">.</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ra</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">c</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">P</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ra</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">P</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ya</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="">t</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 45.7pt 0.0001pt 76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pr</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gr</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">am <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>ert<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>kan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ka <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span>k</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">, </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">c</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span>ar <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>ak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="">.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>tas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>yak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>ar <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>kan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">re</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>erk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="">, </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">H</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">I</span>V/<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">DS</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>yak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">-p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">c</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>tas<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="">i </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span>tes<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">li</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ker<span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gr</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="">:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">1.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nc</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> f</span>akt<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">re</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">2.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">3.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>tata<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>ta<span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">4.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>ve<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">g</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">w</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 38.15pt 0.0001pt 94pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">5.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Ko</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nf</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rm</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">E</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">E</span><span style="">)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nc</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pemb</span>era<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>yak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span><span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.85pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">6</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">.</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ra</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">z</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">yara</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">t</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 45.85pt 0.0001pt 76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">U</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katkan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">z</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rg</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>aya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katkan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>tat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">z</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>kat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">il</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">y</span><span style="">i </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">li</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section5"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.5pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 10.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gr</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.2pt 45.7pt 0.0001pt 94pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 99%;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 99%; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">1.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 99%; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>tat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">z</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>akat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">c</span>akan ka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">z</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>tat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">z</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">E</span>B<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">il</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>eks <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">T</span><span style="">)</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">w</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>ta <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="">, </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ak <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ek<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>G<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">Y</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>v<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>A <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kek<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">z</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">z</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nn</span>ya<span style="">);</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 36.7pt 0.0001pt 94pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">2.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Perb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>tat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">z</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>akat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>aan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>aan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">F</span>e<span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>kan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">z</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="">,</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 94pt; line-height: 11.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">iz</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>erta <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nn</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">)</span><span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">3.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pemb</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>ayaan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>akat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nc</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">g</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>ar <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">z</span><span style="">i</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 94pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">(</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">S</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">G<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">U</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span>G<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">z</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>etaan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>aerah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">w</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">zi</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">)</span><span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">4.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">w</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">z</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>akat<span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">5.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> SD</span>M<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pe</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">z</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">7</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">.</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ra</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ay</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.55pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 37.4pt 0.0001pt 76pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">U</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span>kan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>tu <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ye<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>a<span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">de</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">uh</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pemb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.85pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 11.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gr</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">n</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">:</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 76pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="height: 11.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0cm; width: 13.3pt; height: 11.5pt;" valign="top" width="18"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 0cm; line-height: 10.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">1.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0cm; width: 255.95pt; height: 11.5pt;" valign="top" width="341"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 4.7pt; line-height: 10.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pere</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nc</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>aan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">uh</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0cm; width: 48.05pt; height: 11.5pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 11.6pt;"> <td style="padding: 0cm; width: 13.3pt; height: 11.6pt;" valign="top" width="18"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 0cm; line-height: 11.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">2.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0cm; width: 255.95pt; height: 11.6pt;" valign="top" width="341"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -4.65pt 0.0001pt 4.7pt; line-height: 11.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">katan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ketera<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">il</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">f</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">g</span>a</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0cm; width: 48.05pt; height: 11.6pt;" valign="top" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -2.15pt 0.0001pt 2.75pt; line-height: 11.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1.4pt -1pt 0.0001pt 94pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 36.5pt 0.0001pt 94pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">3.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pem</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nuh</span>an<span style=""> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">uh</span>an<span style=""> </span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style=""> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">,</span><span style=""> </span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>aya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">d</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nn</span>ya<span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>erta<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ah<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 94pt; line-height: 11.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>ae<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 37.9pt 0.0001pt 94pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">4.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pemb</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>aan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>r te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">5.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>ar k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mp</span>ete<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">reg</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">f</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.55pt 46pt 0.0001pt 94pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">6.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ket<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mp</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">f</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">g</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>as <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>erta <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>as <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">u</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">S</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Agr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>tan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> D</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>k;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.85pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">8</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">.</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ra</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">O</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">K</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.55pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 45.65pt 0.0001pt 76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pr</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gr</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">am<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">n</span><span style="">i</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>ert<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>n<span style=""> </span>kete<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>aa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">, </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erataa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>at<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">b</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span>a<span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">os</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>ka<span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section6"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 37.75pt 0.0001pt 94pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 12.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">1.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keter<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>aan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erataan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>eka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>an ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nn</span>ya<span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">2.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>tu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>aan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">perbe</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 37.8pt 0.0001pt 94pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">3.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>keter<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rg</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>ek<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 11.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">4.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>tu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>aya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> f</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rm</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span><span style="">.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">9</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">.</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ra</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">w</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">O</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 45.65pt 0.0001pt 76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">U</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nuh</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nf</span>aata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>/k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>tera<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>k/<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>t<span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span>a<span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>et<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>ka<span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mp</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>en <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ka <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">per</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>t<span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gr</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="">:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">1.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">katan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">w</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>kea<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">berb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>aya<span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 37.7pt 0.0001pt 88pt; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">2.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">katan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">w</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>aan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>ka<span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span>a<span style="">, </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">z</span>at a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>kt<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">(</span>N<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">AP</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Z</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A</span><span style="">);</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 45.8pt 0.0001pt 88pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">3.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">katan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">w</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kea<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k tera<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>et<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">/</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>at<span style="">,</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>an<span style=""> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ah<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span>a<span style="">,</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>at t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>et<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span>a<span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">4.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">w</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">10</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">.</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">r</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ra</span>m<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b<span style="">i</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">D</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a<span style="">j</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span>men<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -1pt 0.0001pt 100pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">K</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">a</span>n</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 46pt 0.0001pt 76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">U</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>kan<span style=""> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>akan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>en <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>a<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span>p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ye<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>aan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span>em ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gr</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="">:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">1.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">ka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">j</span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 36.8pt 0.0001pt 88pt; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">2.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">t</span>em<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>ere<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nc</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>aan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">, </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>aan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">w</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ye<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mp</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>aan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 88pt; line-height: 11.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">dm</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> s</span>erta <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">hu</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">3.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>tem<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nf</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rm</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">4.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>/R<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>et <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>aya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">
<br /> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.85pt -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">11</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ra</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">P</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">un</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">K</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">raa</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">d</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>L<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">in</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">K</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gr</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="">:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 37.8pt 0.0001pt 88pt; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">1.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ker<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>aya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ak <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">2.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ker<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span>an</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -1pt 0.0001pt 88pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> b</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">n</span><span style="">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">12</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ra</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>H<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ar</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">k</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>g</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>am<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gr</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="">:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 37.9pt 0.0001pt 88pt; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 12.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">1.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pem</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span>aya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nn</span>ya <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>erta R<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">U</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">D</span><span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">2.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">C</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>R<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">U</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">D</span><span style="">.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 76pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">13</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">.</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">P</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">r</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ra</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> K</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">R</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 88pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">K</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ber</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>t<span style="">:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 38.1pt 0.0001pt 106pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 12.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">1.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mb</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">repr</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="">i </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rem</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 88pt; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">2.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ye<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>aan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style=""> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">repr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rem</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="">,</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 36.95pt 0.0001pt 106pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nc</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">H</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">I</span>V/<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">D</span>S <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>N<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">AP</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Z</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A</span><span style="">, </span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nf</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rm</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span><span style="">,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 106pt; line-height: 11.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span>at<span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rg</span>a<span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rem</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">j</span>a<span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 37.15pt 0.0001pt 106pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">3.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>atan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span>akat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>ap <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ye<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gg</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>aan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">gr</span>am <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">repr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 106pt; line-height: 11.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="">;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 38.15pt 0.0001pt 106pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">4.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pemb</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>kan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">nf</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rm</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">r</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="">i </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rem</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Ko</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">s</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>Re<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pr</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="">;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 88pt; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">5.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="">i</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>ap <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="">l</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -1pt 0.0001pt 106pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Su</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>a<span style="">);</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.35pt 38.35pt 0.0001pt 106pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">6.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>katan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>akat <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>ap <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">un</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span><span style="">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>ay<span style="">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span><span style="">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">H</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">I</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A</span><span 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{page:Section7;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><u><span style=";font-family:Briolin;" >ASPEK</span></u></b><b><u><span style=";font-family:Briolin;" > <span style="">HUKUM</span> <span style="">REKAM</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">M</span>E<span style="">DIS<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >
<br />
<br />By: Raden Sanjoyo –
<br /></span></div><div class="Section1"><div style="text-align: center;"> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 121.85pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 50.15pt; line-height: 13.6pt; text-align: center;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >D3 Rekam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>M<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span>dis<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>FMIPA Universitas Gadjah Mada</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 50.15pt; line-height: 13.6pt; text-align: center;">
<br /><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.7pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.85pt 0.0001pt 29.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Status <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hukum <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>peraturan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tentang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>catatan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kesehatan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>harus <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dijaga <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oleh institu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>layanan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">es</span>ehatan. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>I<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>titusi <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>ehatan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>iliki <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>um <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau perat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>ran <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erintah <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>usat. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>I<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>stit<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">us</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pelayanan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kesehatan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>harus <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enyi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>n catatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engenai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>kesehatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>karena<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>hukum<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>au<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>peraturan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>tersebut<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>penting<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>sebagai kepedulian pasien dan doku<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>en yang syah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.8pt 0.0001pt 29.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Status<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>hukum<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>mum<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>berisi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>tentang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>ala<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>pasien.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>Selain<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>itu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>juga<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>harus berisi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tentang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>identitas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>data, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>alan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>nyakit, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sejarah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keluarga, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tindakan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang dilakukan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oleh<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tenaga<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kesehatan,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>laporan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>konsultasi,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>laporan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>laboratorium, prosedur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>operasi,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>laporan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>khusus,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>waktu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>tindakan,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>catatan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>perke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bangan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>pasien, laporan<span style=""> </span>asuhan<span style=""> </span>perawatan,<span style=""> </span>terapi,<span style=""> </span>ringkasan<span style=""> </span>pasien<span style=""> </span>masuk,<span style=""> </span>catatan<span style=""> </span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enentukan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>diagnosis<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>akhir,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>ko<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>plikasi,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>eriksaan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>prosedur,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>tanda<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>tangan kehadiran dokter.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.8pt 0.0001pt 29.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Sebagai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bahan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>terhadap<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>peraturan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>status,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>terdapat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>peraturan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>hukum pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erintah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>pusat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>keadaan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>terte<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>tu.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>Institusi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>kesehatan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enggunakan peraturan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hukum<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>salah<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bayaran<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>harus<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elalui<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>peraturan pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erintah<span style=""> </span>pusat<span style=""> </span>untuk<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elihara<span style=""> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>tatan<span style=""> </span>kesehatan<span style=""> </span>tersebut.<span style=""> </span>Hukum pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erintah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>pusat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>juga<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>ada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>untuk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>fasilitas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>kesehatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enggunak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>alkohol atau obat keras untuk program<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>perawatan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.4pt -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style=";font-family:";" >Aspek hukum:</span></b></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >1.<span style=""> </span>Me<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>punyai nilai hukum<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.8pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >2.<span style=""> </span>Isinya <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enyangkut <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span>alah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>adanya <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ja<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>nan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span>pastian <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hukum <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atas <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dasar keadilan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>rangka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>usaha<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enegakkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>hukum<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>serta<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>penyediaan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>bahan tanda bukti untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span>gakkan keadilan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.4pt -1pt 0.0001pt 48.1pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style=";font-family:";" >Rekam medis yang bermutu adalah:</span></b></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -6.6pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >1.<span style=""> </span>Akurat, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>ngga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>barkan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>proses <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hasil <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akhir <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pelayanan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diukur secara benar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.2pt -6.65pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >2.<span style=""> </span>Lengkap,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>encakup<span style=""> </span>seluruh<span style=""> </span>kekhususan<span style=""> </span>pasien<span style=""> </span>dan<span style=""> </span>sistem<span style=""> </span>yang dibutuhkan dalam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>analisis hasil ukuran<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >
<br /></span> <div class="Section2"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >3.<span style=""> </span>Terpercaya, dapat digunakan dalam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>berbagai kepentingan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -6.7pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >4.<span style=""> </span>Valid <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sesuai <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gambaran <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>proses <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>produk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hasil <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akhir yang diukur<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >5.<span style=""> </span>Tepat waktu, dikaitkan dengan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>episode pelayanan yang terjadi<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >6.<span style=""> </span>Dapat digunakan untuk kajian, an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>lis, dan pengambilan keputusan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -6.65pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >7.<span style=""> </span>Seraga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>batasan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sebutan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tenta<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>g<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ele<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>en<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>data<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dibakukan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan konsisten <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pe</span>nggunaaan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>ya di dalam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> m</span>aupun di luar orga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>sasi<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >8.<span style=""> </span>Dapat dibandingkan dengan st<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>ndar yang disepakati diterapkan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >9.<span style=""> </span>Terja<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>in kerahasiaannya<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >10. Mudah diperoleh <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elalui sistem<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>komunikasi antar yang ber<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">w</span>enang.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 7pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -6.2pt 0.0001pt 29.4pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Beberapa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kewajiban <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pokok <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>menyangkut <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>isi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>rekam <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>medis <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berkaitan dengan aspek hukum<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -6.7pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >1.<span style=""> </span>Segala <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gejala <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>peristiwa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>ite<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ukan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>harus <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dicatat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>secara <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akurat dan langsung<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -6.7pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >2.<span style=""> </span>Setiap<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>tindakan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>dilakukan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>tetapi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>ti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">d</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>ditulis,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>secara<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>yuridis<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>dianggap tidak dilakukan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >3.<span style=""> </span>Rekam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>medis harus berisikan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>fakta dan penilaian klinis<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.85pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -6.7pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >4.<span style=""> </span>Setiap<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>tindakan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>dilakukan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>terhadap<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>pasien<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>harus<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>dicatat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>dibubuhi paraf<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >5.<span style=""> </span>Tulisan har<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>s jelas dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>apat di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>aca (juga oleh <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">or</span>ang lai<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -6.1pt 0.0001pt 85.5pt; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >a.<span style=""> </span>Kesalahan<span style=""> </span>yang<span style=""> </span>diperbuat<span style=""> </span>oleh<span style=""> </span>tenaga <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kesehatan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lain <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karena <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>salah baca dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>eraki<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>at fatal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -6.15pt 0.0001pt 85.5pt; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >b.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Tulisan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diba<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">c</span>a, <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjadi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bagi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>si penulis, apabila rekam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> m</span>edis ini sampai ke pangadilan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -6.65pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >6.<span style=""> </span>Jangan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enulis <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tulisan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bersifat <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enuduh <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engkritik <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>teman sejawat atau tenaga kesehatan yang lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -6.7pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >7.<span style=""> </span>Jika<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>salah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>menulis,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>coretlah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>satu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>garis<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>diparaf,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>sehingga<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>yang dicoret <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asih bisa dibaca.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -6.65pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >8.<span style=""> </span>Jangan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elakukan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penghapusan, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enutup <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tip-ex <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>encorat- coret <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>ehin<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ga tidak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>isa dibaca <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>la<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>g.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >
<br /></span> <div class="Section3"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -6.7pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >9.<span style=""> </span>Bila<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elakukan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>koreksi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>ko<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>puter,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>diberi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>space<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>untuk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>perbaikan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>tanpa <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enghapus isi yang salah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -6.6pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >10. Jangan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erubah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>catatan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>rekam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>medis <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cara <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>apapun <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karena <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bisa dikenai pasal penipuan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 29.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style=";font-family:";" >A</span></b><b><span style=";font-family:";" >. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Kegunaan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>rekam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>medis</span></b></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >1.<span style=""> </span>Sebagai alat ko<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>unikasi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>antar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>tenaga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >2.<span style=""> </span>Sebagai dasar untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erencanakan pengobatan atau perawatan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -6.7pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >3.<span style=""> </span>Sebagai <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bukti <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tertulis <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atas <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>segala <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tindakan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pelayanan, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>perke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bangan penyakit dan pengobatan sela<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a pasien dirawat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -6.8pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >4.<span style=""> </span>Sebagai <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>analisa, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>peneliti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>evaluasi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terhadap <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kualitas pelayanan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -6.65pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >5.<span style=""> </span>Melindungi <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kepentingan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hukum <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bagi <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>sien, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ru<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sakit <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tenaga kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >6.<span style=""> </span>Menyediakan data untuk penelitian dan pendidikan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >7.<span style=""> </span>Sebagai dasar dalam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>perhitungan b<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>aya pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bay<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">ar</span>an pelayanan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>edis<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -6.6pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >8.<span style=""> </span>Menjadi<span style=""> </span>su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ber<span style=""> </span>ingatan<span style=""> </span>yang<span style=""> </span>harus<span style=""> </span>didoku<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>entasikan, dipertanggungjawabkan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>laporan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 29.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style=";font-family:";" >B.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Kepemilikan rekam medis.</span></b></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >1.<span style=""> </span>Milik ru<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ah sakit atau t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>naga keseh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>tan:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 66.8pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >a.<span style=""> </span>Sebagai penaggungjawab integritas<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>dan kesina<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bungan pelayanan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -6.05pt 0.0001pt 85.5pt; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >b.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Sebagai<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tanda<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bukti<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ru<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ah<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sakit<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terha<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>ap<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>segala<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>aya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam penye<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>buh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">a</span>n pasien<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -1pt 0.0001pt 66.8pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >c.<span style=""> </span>Ru<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ah sakit <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>egang berkas rekam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>edis asli.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 85.5pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Direktur RS bertanggungjawab atas:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 66.8pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >a.<span style=""> </span>Hilangnya, rusak, atau pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>alsuan rekam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>medis<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 66.8pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >b.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Penggunaan oleh badan atau orang yang tidak berhak<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.85pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >2.<span style=""> </span>Milik <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pasien, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pasien <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>iliki <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>legal <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>aupun <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>oral <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>isi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>edis.<span style=""> </span>Rekam<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>edis<span style=""> </span>adalah<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ilik<span style=""> </span>pasien<span style=""> </span>yang<span style=""> </span>harus<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>ij<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>ga kerahasiaannya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >
<br /></span> <div class="Section4"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -7.85pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 41pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >3.<span style=""> </span>“Milik u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>”, pihak ketiga b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">o</span>leh <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>iliki (a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>uransi, pen<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>adilan, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>sb) S<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ua<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>info<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">t</span>erkandung<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>rek<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>edis<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>adalah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>rahasia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>oleh<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 29.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >karena itu, pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>aparan isi rekam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> m</span>ed<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">i</span>s harus seijin pasien, kecuali:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >1.<span style=""> </span>Keperluan hukum<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >2.<span style=""> </span>Rujukan ke pelayanan lain untuk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>kepentingan pasien/keluarganya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >3.<span style=""> </span>Evaluasi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>elayanan di i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>stit<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>si se<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>i<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >4.<span style=""> </span>Riset/edukasi<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >5.<span style=""> </span>Kontrak badan atau organisasi pelayanan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.7pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 7pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 29.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style=";font-family:";" >C</span></b><b><span style=";font-family:";" >. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Nilai inf<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">or</span>masi yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>apat dalam r<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>kam medis</span></b></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >1.<span style=""> </span>Infor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asi yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engandung nilai kerahasiaan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -7.65pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Laporan/catatan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>terdapat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>lam<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>berkas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>rekam<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>edis<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>sebagai hasil pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>eriksaan , pengobatan, observasi, atau <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">w</span>awancara dengan pasien.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -5.2pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Tidak<span style=""> </span>boleh<span style=""> </span>disebarluaskan<span style=""> </span>kepada<span style=""> </span>pihak-pihak<span style=""> </span>yang<span style=""> </span>tidak berwenang karena <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enyangkut i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>dividu langsung si pasien.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -5.1pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >P<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>beritahuan<span style=""> </span>kepada<span style=""> </span>pasien.kel<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>arga<span style=""> </span>pasien<span style=""> </span>harus<span style=""> </span>oleh<span style=""> </span>dokter yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erawat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.2pt -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >2.<span style=""> </span>Infor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asi yang tidak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engandung nilai kerahasiaan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Identitas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>ien: na<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a, ala<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>at.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -6.15pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Untuk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>kasus-kasus<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>tertentu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>tidak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>bol<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>disebarluaskan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>(untuk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>ketenangan dan kea<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anan ru<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ah sakit)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 219.6pt 0.0001pt 66.8pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >a.<span style=""> </span>orang terpandang/pejabat b.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atas per<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>intaan pasien<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -1pt 0.0001pt 66.8pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >c.<span style=""> </span>buronan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.7pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 7pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 29.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style=";font-family:";" >D</span></b><b><span style=";font-family:";" >. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Sumber-s<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>mber yang mengikat:</span></b></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -6.75pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >1.<span style=""> </span>Peraturan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erintah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>No.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>10<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>Tahun<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>1966<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>Tanggal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>21<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>Mei<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>1966<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engenai<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Wajib Si<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>an Rahasia Kedokteran<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -6.15pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Bila<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ada<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>antara<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>petugas<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>RS<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>embocorkan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>rahasia<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pasien<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat dikenakan sanksi antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >
<br /></span> <div class="Section5"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.9pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >KUHP <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>1365 <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pai <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>1367: <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><i>barang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>siapa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sengaja <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>membuka suatu<span style=""> </span>rahasia<span style=""> </span>yang<span style=""> </span>ia<span style=""> </span>wajib<span style=""> </span>menyimpannya<span style=""> </span>oleh<span style=""> </span>karena<span style=""> </span>jabatan<span style=""> </span>atau pekerjaan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>ya, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>baik <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sekarang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>maupun <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dulu, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">h</span>ukum <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan hukuman<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>selama-lamanya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>9<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>bulan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>denda<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>sebanyak-banyaknya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>enam ratus rupiah uang lama.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 29.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style=";font-family:";" >E.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Rekam Medis melindungi 3 unsur</span></b></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.95pt 0.0001pt 29.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Rekam <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>edis <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>embantu <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elindungi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>nat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hukum <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(legal <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>interest) pasien, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>rumah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sakit, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dokter <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>serta <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>staff <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>rumah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sakit <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bila <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ketiga <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>belah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pihak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elengkapi kewajibannya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asing<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">-</span>masing<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>terhadap berkas rekam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>medis.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -1pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Dasar hukum rekam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>dis di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -6.7pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >1.<span style=""> </span>Peraturan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erintah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>No.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>10<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>Tahun<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>1966<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>tentang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">W</span>ajib<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>Simpan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>Rahasia<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Kedokteran.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >2.<span style=""> </span>Peraturan pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erintah No. 32 Tahun 1996 tentang Tenga Kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -6.65pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >3.<span style=""> </span>Keputusan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enteri kesehatan No. 034 / Birhub / 1972 tentang Perencanaan dan Pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>eliharaan Ru<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">a</span>h Sakit di <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ana ru<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ah sakit diwajibkan:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -1pt 0.0001pt 66.8pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >a.<span style=""> </span>Me<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>punyai dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>eraw<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">a</span>t statistik yang up to date.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -6pt 0.0001pt 85.5pt; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 149%;"><span style="line-height: 149%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >b.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Me<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bina<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>rekam<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ed<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>s<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berdasarkan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ketentuan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>telah ditetapkan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.3pt -6.8pt 0.0001pt 47.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >4.<span style=""> </span>Peraturan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>menteri <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kesehatan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>No. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>749a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>/ <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Menkes <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>/ <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Per <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>/ <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>xii <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>/ <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>89 <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tentang<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 65.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Rekam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>Medis<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.7pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 7pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 29.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style=";font-family:";" >F.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Persetuju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n Pasien</span></b></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 48.1pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Pasien <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span>mili<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>i hak untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>peroleh atau <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enolak pengo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>atan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 48.1pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Je<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">-</span>je<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>is <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>erset<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>j<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -7.7pt 0.0001pt 66.8pt; text-indent: -18.65pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >1.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Ijin<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>langsung<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>(express<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>consent):<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>pasien<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>wali<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>segera<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enyetujui<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>usulan pengobatan yang ditawarkan dokter atau p<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>hak RS (bisa lisan atau tertulis)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.85pt 0.0001pt 66.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.65pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >2.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Ijin<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>secara<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>langsung<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>lied<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>consent):<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tindakan <span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pengobatan dilakukan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keadaan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>darurat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dilakukan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enyel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>atkan jiwa pa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>ien<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >
<br /></span> <div class="Section6"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.85pt 0.0001pt 66.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.65pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >3.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Persetujuan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>khusus<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(info<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ed<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>conse<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>t):<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pasien<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>wajib<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>encantumkan pernyataan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahwa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kepadanya <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>telah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>beri<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>enjelasan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>atu <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>infor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asi terhadap<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>apa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>dilakukan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>tim<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span>dis<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>terhadap<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>pasien.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>Pada infor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ed<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>consent,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>pasien<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>sendiri<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>harus<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enandatangani<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>persetujuan kecuali <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pasien <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tersebut <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pu <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span>mpengaruhi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">f</span>ungsi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seksual atau <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>eprod<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>ksi (sua<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>i/i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>tri).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.85pt 0.0001pt 29.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Untuk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enjaga<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ungkinan-ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ungkinan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>ti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bul<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>aka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>sebaiknya ru<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ah<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sakit<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elakukan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dua<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kali<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bil<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>persetujuan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(apabila<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ternyata ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>udian<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>tindakan<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>khusus)<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>yaitu<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>saat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>pasien<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>dirawat<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>dilakukan Penandatangan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dilakukan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>setelah<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pasien<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>endapat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penjelasan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>petugas peneri<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>pendaftaran.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>Penandat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>nganan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>persetujuan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>disini<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>adalah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span>mberikan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>persetujuan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pelaksanaan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>prosedur<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diagnostik,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pelayanan ru<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sakit <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pengobatan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>edis. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Y<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kedua <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>adalah <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>persetujuan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>khusus (<i>informed<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">c</span>onsent</i>).<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>Penandatanganan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>persetujuan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>ini<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>dilakukan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>sebelum<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>tindakan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>edis diluar prosedur di atas, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>salnya pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bed<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">a</span>han.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 11pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 29.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style=";font-family:";" >G</span></b><b><span style=";font-family:";" >. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Standar informasi dal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>m Berkas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">R</span>ekam Medis</span></b></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.7pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.85pt 0.0001pt 48.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Rekam<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>edis<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>terdiri<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>dua<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>bagain,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>itu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>identitas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>eriksaan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>klinik. P<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>eriksaan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>klinik<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engisahkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>secara<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>kronologis<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>kegiatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>pelayanan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>edis yang diteri<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a pasien sela<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a berada di ru<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ah sakit.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt 4.85pt 0.0001pt 48.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Rekam<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>dis<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berguna<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>nilainya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bagi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>unsur<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>nistratif,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>huku<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>, keuangan, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>riset, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>edukasi, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pendok<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>entasian, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>apabila <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>menuhi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>unsur akreditasi,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>yaitu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>rekam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>edis<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">i</span>liki:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25pt -1pt 0.0001pt 48.1pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >1.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Iden<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">it</span>as <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">da</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> fo</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">li</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>erse<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>-<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>erse<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n,</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 48.1pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >2.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Riwayat pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>yakit pasien secara leng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>ap,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 48.1pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >3.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Laporan pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>eriksaan fisik<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.85pt 0.0001pt 66.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.65pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >4.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Instruksi<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>diagnostik<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>teraupetik<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>tanda<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>tangan<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>terang tenaga<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>kesehatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>berwenang.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Int<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>uksi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>per<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>telepon<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>diteri<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>oleh perawat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dicatat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tetapi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>waktu <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>24 <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>instruksi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tersebut <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>harus segera ditandatangani oleh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>dokter yang bertanggungjawab.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >
<br /></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 48.1pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" >5.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Observasi, segala laporan obse<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">r</span>vasi ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asuk laporan konsultasi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.85pt 0.0001pt 66.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.65pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >6.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Laporan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tindakan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pene<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>uan, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asuk <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berasal <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penunjang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>edik, <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yaitu <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>laboratoriu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>radiologi, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>laporan <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>operasi <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>serta <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tanda <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tangan pasien, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dokter, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sebagainya. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Untuk <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>laporan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>operasi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>harus <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span>muat infor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>asi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lengkap<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>ngenai<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pene<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>uan,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cara<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>operasi,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>benda<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang dikeluarkan dan diagnosis pasca bedah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.85pt 0.0001pt 29.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Rekam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>edis <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>digunakan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sebagai <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pedo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">m</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>perlindungan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hukum <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>engikat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>karena<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>dalamnya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>terdapat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>gala<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>catatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>tentang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>tindakan,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>pelayanan, terapi,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>waktu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>terapi,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>tanda<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>tangan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>dokter<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>erawat,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>tanda<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>tangan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>pasien<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>yang bersangkutan, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lain-lain. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kata <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lain, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>rekam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>edis <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span>mberikan ga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>baran<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>tentang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>stand<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>utu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>pelayanan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>diba<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>ikan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">f</span>asilitas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>pelayanan kesehatan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>maupun <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oleh <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tenaga <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kasehat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berwenang. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Berkas <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>rekam <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>edis juga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>enyediakan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>data<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>untuk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">e</span>mbantu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elindungi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>kepentingan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>hukum<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>pasien, dokter<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>penyedia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>fasilitas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>pelayanan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>kesehatan.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>Cat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>tan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>ini<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>juga<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>nyediakan data<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>elindungi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kepenting<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hukum<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pasien<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kasus-kasus ko<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pensasi pekerja, kecela<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">k</span>aan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>ri<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>adi atau <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>alpraktek.<o:p></o:p></span></p> Anime Firehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17706945473275642779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1827615976791918832.post-111923975845524862010-05-02T03:09:00.000-07:002010-05-02T03:12:12.536-07:00Apakah pengertian pencemaran lingkungan itu?<div class="fullpost"></div><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CNIWADA%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CNIWADA%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CNIWADA%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> 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style=";font-family:Alias;font-size:16;" >Apakah_pengertian_pencemaran lingkungan_itu?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Sesuai dengan Undang-undang Nomor 23/1997 yang dimaksud dengan pencemaran lingkungan adalah masuknya atau dimasukannya makhluk hidup, zat, energi dan/atau komponen lain ke lingkungan hidup oleh kegiatan manusia sehingga kualitasnya turun sampai ke tingkat tertentu yang menyebabkan lingkungan hidup tidak dapat berfungsi lagi dalam menunjang pembangunan berkelanjutan.
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<br />Definisi yang panjang ini dapat di sederhanakan dengan melihat adanya tiga unsur dalam masalah pencemaran yaitu sumber perubahan akibat kegiatan manusia atau proses alam, bentuk perubahannya adalah berubahnya konsentrasi suatu bahan dalam lingkungan dan merosotnya fungsi lingkungan untuk menunjang kehidupan.
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<br />Merosotnya kualitas lingkungan juga tidak akan menjadi perhatian besar jika tidak terkait dengan kebutuhan hidup manusia sendiri sehingga bahasan tentang pencemaran dan konsep penanggulangannya lebih mengarah kepada upaya mengenai bentuk kegiatan manusia yang menjadi sumber pencemaran.
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<br />Pencemaran sering pula diklasifikasikan dalam bermacam-macam bentuk pola pengelompokannya. Pengelompokan menurut jenis bahan pencemar menghasilkan pencemaran biologis, kimiawi, fisik dan budaya. Pengelompokan menurut medium lingkungannya dapat menghasilkan pencemaran udara, air, tanah, makanan dan sosial sedangkan pengelompokan menurut sifat sumber bisa menghasilkan pencemaran primer dan pencemaran sekunder.
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<br />Salah satu upaya dalam pengelolaan lingkungan adalah mengatur beban pencemaran dari sumbernya baik sumber pencemaran udara, air maupun limbah padat sehingga informasi tentang besarnya beban pencemaran dari setiap sumber amat berguna dalam upaya pengelolaan lingkungan tersebut.<b><span style=";font-family:Alias;font-size:16;" ><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> Anime Firehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17706945473275642779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1827615976791918832.post-14134428567897863872010-05-02T03:06:00.000-07:002010-05-02T03:08:45.916-07:00Akreditasi Rumah Sakit<div class="fullpost"></div><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CNIWADA%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link 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mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Akreditasi Rumah Sakit<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Akreditasi Rumah Sakit di Indonesia adalah suatu program yang dilaksanakan oleh Komisi Akreditasi Rumah Sakit Indonesia (KARS), sebuah badan yang dibentuk oleh </span><a href="http://www.depkes.go.id/"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: blue;">Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> untuk menyusun standar akreditasi, melakukan proses akreditasi dan memberikan sertifikat akreditasi kepada rumah sakit-rumah sakit yang telah memenuhi persyaratan standar akreditasi yang disusun oleh Komisi Akreditasi Rumah Sakit Indonesia (KARS).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tulisan ini menggunakan berbagai sumber informasi yang bisa didapat oleh masyarakat di Indonesia. Selain dari standar mutu dari KARS, yang bisa didapat secara bebas, maka hal lainnya merupakan pendapat pribadi penulis berdasarkan literatur yang dapat diaksesnya maupun pikiran logisnya sendiri. Tulisan ini dibuat untuk berbagi pengetahuan dan pengalaman dengan harapan hal tersebut dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan mutu pelayanan kesehatan di Indonesia. Keberhasilan sebuah organisasi pelayanan kesehatan dalam mendapatkan akreditasi rumah sakit sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor lain diluar pengetahuan saja. Oleh karena itu, penulis tidak menjamin orang atau pihak yang menggunakan informasi dalam website ini dan/atau tulisan penulis lainnya, untuk berhasil mendapatkan pengakuan/sertifikat dari KARS. Dengan perkataan lain, informasi yang disediakan disini, disediakan secara <i>as is</i> dan penulis tidak bertanggung jawab atas kerugian yang ditimbulkan karena menjalankan hal-hal yang dituliskan disini.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sejarah<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Akan ditambahkan kemudian.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Standar Akreditasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Komisi Akreditasi Rumah Sakit Indonesia (KARS) menganut sistem standar terbuka. Artinya, persyaratan-persyaratan mutu rumah sakit dapat diketahui oleh semua orang dan dapat diterapkan oleh semua rumah sakit, akan tetapi hanya KARS yang dapat memberikan sertifikat akreditasi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Seluruh standar akreditasi rumah sakit terbagi atas 16 bidang pelayanan. Setiap bidang pelayanan masing-masing terbagi lagi atas 7 standar sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Standar 1. Falsafah dan Tujuan
<br />Standar 2. Administrasi dan Pengelolaan
<br />Standar 3. Staf dan Pimpinan
<br />Standar 4. Fasilitas dan Peralatan
<br />Standar 5. Kebijakan dan Prosedur
<br />Standar 6. Pengembangan Staff dan Program Pendidikan
<br />Standar 7. Evaluasi dan Pengendalian Mutu<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Setiap standar diatas memuat parameter-parameter yang digunakan untuk menilai sebuah rumah sakit. Parameter-parameter ini mencantumkan standar mutu dan persyaratan untuk mencapai skor tertentu. Persyaratan dibagi dalam 6 tingkat yang diberi nilai dari 0 sampai 5 dengan 5 sebagai nilai tertinggi. Di bagian akhir dari parameter ada penjelasan mengenai dua hal:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">D.O. yang berarti <b>D</b>efinisi <b>O</b>perasional. Disini dijelaskan istilah-istilah yang digunakan dalam parameter ini.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">C.P. yang berarti <b>C</b>ara <b>P</b>embuktian. Bagian ini menjelaskan cara untuk membuktikan bahwa parameter ini telah dipenuhi dan merupakan bagian yang digunakan oleh surveyor untuk menilai sebuah rumah sakit. Bagian ini terbagi atas tiga bagian yaitu <b>D</b>okumentasi, <b>O</b>bservasi dan <b>W</b>awancara.<o:p></o:p></span></li><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dokumentasi adalah dokumen-dokumen yang disyaratkan oleh standar akrediasi.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Observasi adalah hal-hal yang harus diamati oleh surveyor untuk membuktikan bahwa standar telah dicapai.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wawancara adalah orang-orang dan/atau fungsi-fungsi organisasi yang harus diwawancarai atau topik-topik wawancaranya.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New 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<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults ext="edit" spidmax="3074"> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout ext="edit"> <o:idmap ext="edit" data="1"> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <div class="Section1"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.7pt -1pt 0.0001pt 146.1pt; line-height: normal;"><b><u style=""><span style="font-size: 15pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BLIMBAH<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>B3<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>DAN<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>KESEHATAN</span></u></b><span style="font-size: 15pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 168.35pt; line-height: 14.8pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Oleh : Sigit<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>Eddie Wijanto, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">S</span>KM<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">I</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span>Pendahuluan.</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 4.45pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.3pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>Undang-Undang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>RI<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>Nomor<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>23<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>Tahun<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>1992<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>tentang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>Kesehatan,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>pasal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>1 butir 1 disebu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>kan bahwa yang d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aksud<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>kesehatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">d</span>alah keadaan yang sejahtera dari <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>badan, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jiwa <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sosial <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>memungkinkan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>setiap <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>ang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hidup <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>produktif <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seca<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">r</span>a sosial dan ekonomis.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 34.8pt; line-height: 14.85pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adapun derajat kesehatan mas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">y</span>arakat dipengaruhi oleh 4 f<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ktor, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 37.3pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>Faktor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Lingkung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 37.3pt; line-height: 15.85pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>Faktor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Perilaku</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 37.3pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>Faktor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Pelayan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Kesehatan</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 37.3pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>Faktor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Ba<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">w</span>aan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>(Ketu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n)</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -10.2pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-indent: 28.3pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>keempat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>faktor<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>tersebut,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>faktor<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>lingkungan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erup<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>fak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">t</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>paling<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>besar pengaruhnya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>dibandingkan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>den<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">g</span>an ketiga faktor y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng lain.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.4pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>nya,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>bila<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>anusia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>lingkungan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>ber<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>keadaan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>sei<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bang,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ka keduanya<span style=""> </span>berada<span style=""> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>lam<span style=""> </span>keadaan<span style=""> </span>sehat.<span style=""> </span>Tetapi<span style=""> </span>karena<span style=""> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>suatu<span style=""> </span>sebab<span style=""> </span>seh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>ngga keseimbangan<span style=""> </span>ini<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>tergangggu<span style=""> </span>atau<span style=""> </span>mungk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>n<span style=""> </span>tidak<span style=""> </span>dapat<span style=""> </span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">c</span>apai,<span style=""> </span>maka<span style=""> </span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eni<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bulkan da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>k yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">me</span>rugik<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>gi kesehatan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -13.45pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keseimbangan<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>tersebut<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>sangat<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>kompleks.<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>D<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ri<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>lingkungan<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>alaminya<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>manusia<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>mengambil <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>akanan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>daya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>lain<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>per<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>ukan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enuhi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>kebutuh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aterinya,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -11.15pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ke<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lingkungan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ala<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>i<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pula<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>anusia<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>buang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berbagai<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>han<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>gan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>baik<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari bad<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>nnya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> m</span>aupun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>proses produksinya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 4.4pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Proses<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>nga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bilan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aupun<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>buang<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>ini<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>ila<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>tid<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>terk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>nda<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>i,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eni<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>ulkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>k terhadap <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>ngkung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>pat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erugikan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bagi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>dup<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>anusia <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>itu <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sendiri, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>antara lain <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ngguan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keseh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>tan, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ngguan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>nya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">m</span>anan, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ngguan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ekono<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sosial. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>D<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>lam<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -11.05pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; line-height: 14.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">hal<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>tersebut<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>diatas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>perlu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>cer<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ati<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>adalah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>bahwa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>alam<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>me<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>punyai<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>daya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>dukung<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt -11.15pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ya <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>pung <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terba<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>as. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Bila <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pengelolaannya <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sei<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>kelestarian lingkungan juga ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n terganggu.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.55pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perilaku <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anusia <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tid<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sehat, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>erburuk <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kondisi <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lingkungan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan timbulnya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>“man<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>made<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>breeding<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>places”<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>bagi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>ktor<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>ny<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>kit<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aupun<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>r pence<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>jani<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> m</span>anusia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.5pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Selaras<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ajuan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>il<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>pengetahu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>tekno<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>ogi,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>bertambahnya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>ju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>ah penduduk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>mobilitas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>cepat,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>sang<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>berpengaruh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>terhadap<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>kebutuhan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>manusia yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>tidak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>hanya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>butuh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>dasar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>saja.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>Dari<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>kebutuh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>dasar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>berupa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">a</span>n sandang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ai <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>uh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ateri <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">a</span>gai <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hasil <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>proses <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>dustri, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>uncu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>kan kecenderungan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>semakin<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>meningkatnya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>tempat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>/<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>kegiatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>ga<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>menghasilkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>limb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>h berupa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berbah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>acun <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>gi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>dup<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>anu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>ia <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>maupun <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>makhluk <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hidup lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.4pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kondisi <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tersebut, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bila <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terkendali <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eni<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bulk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>asalah <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kesehatan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang se<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>akin<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>berat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>lu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>akin<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>tingg<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">i</span>nya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ngka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>kesakit<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>baik<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>ena<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>ny<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>kit infeksi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aupun<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>non<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>feksi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>seb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>gai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>akibat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ri<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>penc<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aran<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>lingkungan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>ol<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>han<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">-</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>han yang tidak diinginkan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section2"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.55pt 4.45pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.3pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Beberapa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tahun <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terakhir <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ini <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>telah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terjadi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>ansisi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>epide<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>iologik, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yaitu <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berg<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>ernya pola<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>nyakit<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>sebelu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mn</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>dido<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>inasi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>nyakit<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>infeksi,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>saat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>ini<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>penyak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>t non <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>infek<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>antara <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lain <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hipertensi, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jantung, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diabetes <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>melitus, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gangguan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fungsi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>njal, kanker,<span style=""> </span>lebih <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enonjol dib<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>nding tahun-t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>hun sebelu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mn</span>ya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">II</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span>Pence<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Ling<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ku</span>ngan</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 4.45pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.3pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pence<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aran<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>lingkungan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>sering<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>diungk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>pkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>icaraan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>eritaan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>elalui <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>dia <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>assa. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Ungk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>pan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tersebut <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>acam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ragam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>popularisasinya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dikalang<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n pendengar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>pembaca,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>antara<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>lain<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>per<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>aan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enyebutkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>:<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>P<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>nce<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aran<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>uda<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>a oleh<span style=""> </span>gas<span style=""> </span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style=""> </span>kendaraan<span style=""> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>otor<span style=""> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>at<span style=""> </span>terasa<span style=""> </span>dikota-kota<span style=""> </span>besar<span style=""> </span>yang<span style=""> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>t lalulintasnya;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>pence<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aran<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>sun<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">g</span>ai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>cair<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>industri<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>sangat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engg<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>nggu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>hidupan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt -11.1pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">di <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>perairan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>; <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>limb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pulp <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(bubur <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kayu) <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">a</span>brik <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kayu <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>mengandung <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>BOD <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>COD <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang tinggi.;<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>sampah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>bah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>berb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span>aya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>beracun <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>nce<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ari air, dsb.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 4.35pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.3pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Didalam <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahasa <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sehari-hari, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pence<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aran <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lingkungan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>paha<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sebagai <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>esuatu kejadian<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lingkung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diing<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eni<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bulkan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>nggu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kerusak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">a</span>n lingkungan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahkan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enimbu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>kan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ganggu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kesehatan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ai <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>atian. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Hal-h<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>l yang tidak diinginkan yang d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">a</span>pat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>disebut<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>pence<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aran,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>misalnya ud<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>berbau<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>tidak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>sed<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>p,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -11.1pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; line-height: 14.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">air<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>berwarna<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>keruh,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>tanah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>itimbuni<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>sampah.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>Hal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>tersebut<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>pat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rkembang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>seked<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>r<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 4.45pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tidak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>diingini<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>ganggu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>Udara<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>terce<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>baik<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>bu,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>gas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aupun <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>ur ki<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>lainnya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eny<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>kitkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>saluran<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>pernafasan,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>mata<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>menjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>pedas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n berair. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Bila <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pencemar <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tersebut <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>mengandung <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>racun <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">B</span>3<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">)</span>, ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>ngkinan d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>pat b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rakibat fatal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.45pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hal<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>sama<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>terjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>air.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>A<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>terce<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>meni<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>ganggu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n gatal <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kulit, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sakit <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>saluran <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pencern<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">a</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bila <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terminum <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berakibat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lebih jauh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>bila<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>ternyata<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engandung<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">3</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>De<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ikian<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>pula<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>halnya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>tanah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>terce<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ar, yang pada gilirannya dapat mengotori sumber air didekatnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.2pt 4.5pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menurut Undang-Undang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Nom<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">o</span>r 23 Tahun 1997 tentang Pengelolaan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Lingkungan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Hidup, yang<span style=""> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aksud<span style=""> </span>dengan<span style=""> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aran<span style=""> </span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>ngkung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style=""> </span>hidup<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">d</span>alah<span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>suknya<span style=""> </span>atau di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>asukk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>nnya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>akh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>hidup,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>z<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>t,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>energi,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>ko<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>pon<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>lain<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>lingkungan hidup<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>kegiatan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>anusia<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>sehingga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>kualitasnya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>turun<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>sam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ai<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>tingkat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>tertentu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enyeb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>bkan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>lingkungan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>hidup tidak d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>pat berfungsi sesuai dengan pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>ukannya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">III</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span>Limb<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>h dan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>lahny<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>.</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 4.45pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.3pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Karena<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>limbah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>dibuang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>lingkungan,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>maka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>masalah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>ditimbulkannya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>merata dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enyebar <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lingkungan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>as. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gas <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terbawa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>angin <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>satu <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lainnya. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cair <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>padat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dibuang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sungai, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>nyutk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hulu sampai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>ja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">u</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>hilir,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>melampaui<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>batas-batas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>wilayah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>akhirnya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>uara<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>dilaut<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>danau, seolah-olah laut atau danau <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enjadi tong sa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt -11.1pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Limbah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bermasalah<span style=""> </span>antara <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>in <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berasal <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ri <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kegiatan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mu</span>ki<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>an, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>industri, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pertanian, perta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bangan d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n rek<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>easi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 4.5pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.3pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>uki<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>selain <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berupa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>padat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yaitu <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sampah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>rumah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tangga, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ju<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">g</span>a berupa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>tin<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>cair<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>se<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>anya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ence<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ari<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>lingkung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>perairan.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>Air yang tercemar akan menja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">d</span>i sumber penyakit menular.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section3"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.55pt -10.2pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-indent: 28.3pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Limbah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>industri <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>baik <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berupa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>s, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cair <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aupun <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>nya <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>asuk <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kategori atau dengan sifat limbah B3.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.5pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kegiatan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>dustri<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>disa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ing<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rtujuan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>untuk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eningkatkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>sejahteraan,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>ternyata<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>juga <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enghasilkan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sebagai <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>nce<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ar <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lingk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>perairan, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tanah, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>udara. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>ah cair, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dibuang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>perairan<span style=""> </span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>ori <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>air <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dipe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">g</span>unak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">g</span>ai keperlu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engg<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>nggu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">i</span>dup<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>biota<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>air.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>Li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>pad<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ence<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>tanah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>dan sumber air tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.4pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>buang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>udara<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>nya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ndung<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>senyawa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>ki<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ia<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>berupa S<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">O</span>x,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>N<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">O</span>x,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>CO,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>gas-gas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>lain<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>tidak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>diinginkan.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>Ad<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>nya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">S</span>O2<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">N</span>Ox<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>diudara dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enyeb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>bk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terjadinya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hujan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>asam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eni<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span>ulk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kerugian <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>na <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erusak bangunan, ekosistem<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>perai<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>an, lahan pertanian dan hutan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 4.5pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>ah<span style=""> </span>bahan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span>aya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>beracun <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">B</span>3) <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sangat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ditakuti <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>adalah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari industri<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ia.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>Li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>industri<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>nya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>dung<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>agai<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>acam un<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>ur <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>logam <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berat <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mp</span>unyai <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sifat <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ulatif <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ber<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>cun <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(toxic) <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sehingga berb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span>aya bagi kes<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>hatan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>anusia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.5pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rtanian <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>paling <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ial<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pestisida <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>uk. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Walau <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pestisida digun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>uk <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bunuh <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">am</span>a, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ternyata <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karena <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>iannya <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sesuai dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>aturan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kes<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>la<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>atan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kerja, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pesti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>ida <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enjadi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>biosida <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>– <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>unuh <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>dup<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n. Pestida <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berleb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ma</span>kaiannya, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>khi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>nya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engkonta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>inasi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sayuran <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span>- bu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>han yang d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>pat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>ny<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>babk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>keracun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>konsu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ennya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.5pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pupuk <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sering <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>pakai <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berlebih<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sisanya <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">b</span>ila <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sampai <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dipera<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>ran <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>pat <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erangsang pertu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>buhan<span style=""> </span>gul<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style=""> </span>penyeb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>b<span style=""> </span>ti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bulnya<span style=""> </span>eutrofikasi.<span style=""> </span>Pemakaian<span style=""> </span>herbisida<span style=""> </span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engatasi<span style=""> </span>eutrofikasi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enjadi<span style=""> </span>peny<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>bab<span style=""> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rkonta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>inasinya<span style=""> </span>ikan, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style=""> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style=""> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>ota<span style=""> </span>air lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.45pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bangan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>rluk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>proses <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lanju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pengolahan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hasil <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>ang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enjadi bah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>nkan. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Misalnya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>proses <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>perta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bangan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>as, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>rlukan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>han <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>r raksa <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ercury <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>silakan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>ogam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cair <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penyeb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>b <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keracun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n syaraf<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> m</span>erupak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>bah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n teratog<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>nik.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.2pt 4.5pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kegiatan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>ektor<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pariwisata<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>kan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bah<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>elalui<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sarana<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>transportasi, dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>bah<span style=""> </span>gas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>buang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>udara, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ahan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>iny<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oli <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dilaut <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>gai <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bah perahu atau kapal <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>tor dikawas<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n wisata bahari.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">IV.<span style=""> </span>T<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>ksik<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>lo<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">g</span>i Lin<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">g</span>kun<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">g</span>an</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 4.5pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.3pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Karena <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bah <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>industri <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>nya <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rsifat <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sebagai <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>han <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">y</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan beracun <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">B</span>3), <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aka <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>substansi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zat <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>racun <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lingkung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sangat <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enjadi perhatian <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>alah <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bersu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ber <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">e</span>giatan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>anusia <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dibu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lingkungan sebagai limbah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -11.1pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; line-height: 14.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Karena <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">j</span>ian <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>toksikologi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">d</span>alah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>acun, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aka <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>obyek <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>toksikologi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lingkungan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt -11.1pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ialah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>ki<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>bera<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">c</span>un,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>nya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>asuk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>kelo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ok<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>bah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>berb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span>aya dan beracun (hazardous waste and toxic chemical)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.45pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sed<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ngkan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aksud <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>toxi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>logi <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lingkungan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>alah <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>peng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>tahuan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng mempelajari <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>efek <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sub<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>tansi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>toksik <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(beracun) <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terdapat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lingkung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>am <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aupun lingkungan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>binaan;<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>mempelajari<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ak<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>resiko<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keber<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>daan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>substansi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tersebut terhadap <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>akh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>uk hidup.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section4"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.55pt 4.55pt 0.0001pt 5.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.3pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Didalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Peraturan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Pemerintah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>R.I. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Nomor <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>18 <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Tahun <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>1999 <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>ntang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Pengelolaan Limbah <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Bahan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Berbahaya <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Beracun, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aksud <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>B3 <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>pat <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diartikan “Se<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ua<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>han/<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>ny<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>wa<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>baik<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>dat,<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>cair,<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t</span>aupun<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>gas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>mempun<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">y</span>ai<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>po<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>ensi<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erusak terhadap <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kesehatan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>manusia <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>serta <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lingkungan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akibat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sifat-sifat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dimiliki <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>senyawa tersebut”.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.1pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">B</span>3 diidentifikasi sebagai bah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n ki<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>a dengan satu atau lebih karakteristik :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 8.3pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>udah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eledak</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 8.3pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>udah terbakar</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 8.3pt; line-height: 15.85pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>bersifat reaktif</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 8.3pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>beracun</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 8.3pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>penyeb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>b <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>feksi</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 8.3pt; line-height: 15.85pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>bersifat korosif.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -12.5pt 0.0001pt 5.1pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Toksikologi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>lingkung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>sangat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>nting,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>kar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>kenyataanya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>adalah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>bahwa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng paling <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erasakan da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ak sua<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>u kegiatan ad<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>lah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>anusia, bagian dari <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>akhluk h<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>dup.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.5pt 0.0001pt 5.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kata <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>racun <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(toks<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>oks<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">k</span>an) <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berhub<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>ngan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sistem <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kehidupan; <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sistem bio<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>ogi.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>Toksisitas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>suatu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>bah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ia<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ditentukan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>LD<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>50<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>LC<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>50,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>yaitu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>dosis atau kons<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>trasi suatu bah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n uji yang<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eni<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ati<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n 50 % hew<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n uji.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.2pt 4.4pt 0.0001pt 5.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>anusia,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>sasaran<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>toksik<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>perta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a-tama<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>adalah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>saluran<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>pencernaan.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>Toksikan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>asuk<span style=""> </span>melalui<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style=""> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style=""> </span>kali<span style=""> </span>di<span style=""> </span>dalam<span style=""> </span>mulut<span style=""> </span>akan<span style=""> </span>diabsorbsi<span style=""> </span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engkonta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>inasi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kelenjar<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lud<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>h<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(saliva)<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>udian<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>pat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eracuni<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>alat-alat pencerna<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>, dan selanjutnya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">y</span>ebar keo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n vital lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -11.1pt 0.0001pt 5.1pt; line-height: 14.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>B3<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>giatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>dustri<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>terbuang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>lingkungan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>khirnya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>berda<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>k<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 4.4pt 0.0001pt 5.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">pada<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>kesehatan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>anusia.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>Da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>itu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>ung<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ri<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>anusia,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>isalnya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>inum <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>air <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rkonta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>inasi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>elal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>rantai <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>akanan, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seperti <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>emakan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ik<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>telah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engg<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ndakan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>(b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>logical<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>agnif<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>cation)<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>pence<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>karena<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>emakan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>angsa yang tercemar.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.1pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh, k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>sus penyak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>t Mina<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ata :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.4pt 0.0001pt 5.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dipinggir<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>teluk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>M<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>Jepang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ber<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ukim<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>rakyat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>nelayan.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>Beberapa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>dustri <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>buang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bahnya <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keteluk <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Mina<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ata. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Para <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ahli <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ki<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ia <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>brik <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engatakan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahwa li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bah<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>brik<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ndung<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ethyl<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">e</span>rcury<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(MeHg)<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berbahaya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>na kenyataannya <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fitoplankton, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>zooplankton, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ikan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tetap <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hidup <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diteluk <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>itu. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Rupanya kebiasaan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>penduduk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>nelayan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>teluk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>Mina<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>suka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>ikan,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>telah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eny<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>babk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n teraku<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ulasinya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>kadar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ethyl<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rcury<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>berlipat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>ganda<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>tubuh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>layan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>teluk tersebut. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Suatu <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>saat <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>setelah <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>meng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>lasi <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>thyl<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ercury <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sekitar <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>10 <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tahun, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tanpa disadari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>kadar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ercury<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>tubuh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>nelay<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>telah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>berlipat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>ganda<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>ribuan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>li<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>dibandi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>g dengan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>dar <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ercury <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>air <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bah <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>opl<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>nk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>on. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Karena <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ethyl<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ercury ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>asuk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">3</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>eni<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>kesehatan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>yaitu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>runan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>layan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>yang telah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engkonsu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>si <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ikan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ri <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>luk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Mina<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>ata <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engala<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cacat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jas<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ani <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ental. Cacat ini disebut sebagai penyakit Minamata.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -9.95pt 0.0001pt 5.1pt; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>ny<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>kit<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>sejenis<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>penyakit<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">M</span>ina<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ata<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>ebut<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>terjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ana<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>saja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>elalui proses aku<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ulasi dan penggand<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>an bio<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>ogik.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section5"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.2pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: 13.3pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">V.<span style=""> </span>Damp<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>da Keseh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>tan</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -10.15pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-indent: 28.3pt; line-height: 15pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>paradig<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Kesehatan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>L<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>ngkung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ada <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>4 <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>simpul <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berkaitan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan proses<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>pajanan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>B3<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>pat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>ngg<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>nggu kesehatan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -8.3pt 0.0001pt 32.4pt; line-height: 14.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Si<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>pul 1<span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>Jenis<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>skala<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>kegiatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>duga<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>pence<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>biasa<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 110.35pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">disebut sebagai su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>er e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>isi B3<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 7.15pt 0.0001pt 110.35pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>isi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>B3<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>nya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>berasal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>sektor<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>dustri,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>transportasi, yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engeluarkan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berbagai <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ndung <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seny<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>wa ki<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ia <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dik<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>hendaki. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>E<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>isi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tersebut <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berupa <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gas, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cairan, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aupun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>partikel<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> m</span>engandung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>seny<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">a</span>wa org<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>nik <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aupun anorganik.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 32.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Si<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>pul 2<span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>Media lingkungan (air, tanah, udara, biota)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -6.25pt 0.0001pt 110.35pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">E<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>isi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>si<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>pul <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>1 <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dibu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>gkungan, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>udian <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enyebar <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>secara luas di lingkungan ses<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>ai dengan kondisi m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>dia transportasi limbah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -5.75pt 0.0001pt 110.35pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bila<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>elalui<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>udara,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aka<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>sebarannya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>terg<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>tung<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>arah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>ang<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n dan dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enjangkau wilay<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>h yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>kup luas.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 7.2pt 0.0001pt 110.35pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bila <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>elalui <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>air <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aka <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eny<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>bar <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sesuai <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>deng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>arah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>aliran <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng sebarannya <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ngat <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jauh. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Ko<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ponen <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lain <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ikut <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enyeba<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>kan e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>isi tersebut adal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>h biota air yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>kut terce<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ar.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 32.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Si<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>pul 3<span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>Pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ajanan B3 ke <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>anusia<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 7.1pt 0.0001pt 110.35pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Di<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>lingkungan,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>manusia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>menghir<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>udara<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>tercemar,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>num<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>air yang <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terce<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ar, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terkonta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>inasi <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>a kemasukan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>B3<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>melalui<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>kulit.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>Pada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>umumnya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>titik<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>pemajanan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>B3<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>kedalam tubuh manusia melal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">u</span>i pernafasan, oral (mulut) dan kulit<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 32.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Si<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>pul 4<span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>Da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">K</span>esehatan y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng ti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bul<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 7.1pt 0.0001pt 110.35pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Akibat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kontak <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>B3 <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terpajan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oleh <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pencemar <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>melalui <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berbagai cara<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>seperti<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>si<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>pul<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>3,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aka<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>pak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>sehatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>ti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bul<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rvariasi dari<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>ringan,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>sedang,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>sampai<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>berat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>bahkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ai<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eni<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bulk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>atian, tergantung<span style=""> </span>dari<span style=""> </span>dosis<span style=""> </span>dan<span style=""> </span>wak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>u<span style=""> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ajanan.<span style=""> </span>Jenis<span style=""> </span>penyak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>t<span style=""> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng ditimbulkan, pada umumnya merupakan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>penyakit non infeksi antara lain : Keracun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n,<span style=""> </span>kerusak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style=""> </span>org<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n,<span style=""> </span>kan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>er,<span style=""> </span>hypertensi,<span style=""> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style=""> </span>bron<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">c</span>hioli, pengaruh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>janin<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>angak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>batkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>lahir<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>cat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>(cacat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>bawaan), ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>nduran <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ental <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gangguan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>per<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>buhan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ba<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fisik <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aupun <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>psiki<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>, ganggu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n kecerdasan dll.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 110.35pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Akibat yang ditimbulkan lebih jauh :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt -1pt 0.0001pt 146.35pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-<span style=""> </span>Biaya mahal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 146.35pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-<span style=""> </span>Belum<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>tentu be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span>asil untuk pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>ihan kes<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>hatan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 146.35pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-<span style=""> </span>Generasi yang tidak produktif<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 146.35pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-<span style=""> </span>Keh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>dupan sosial yang tidak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>apan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 146.35pt; line-height: 14.65pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">-<span style=""> </span>Depresi berkelanjutan</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section6"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.6pt -1pt 0.0001pt 5.1pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dampak B3 terhadap Kesehatan, antara lain :</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 8.3pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span>Air Raksa /Hargentum/ Hg/ Mercury</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -10.2pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ele<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>en <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">H</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berwarna <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kelabu-p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rak, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cairan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>da <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>suhu <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ar <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>p b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>la dipanaskan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt -10.1pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hg2+<span style=""> </span>(S<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>ny<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>wa<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">An</span>org<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>nik)<span style=""> </span>dapat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>kat<span style=""> </span>carbon,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>uk<span style=""> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>ny<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>wa org<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>no<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>cury.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt -10.15pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Methyl<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>M<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rcury <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">(</span>MeHg)<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erupakan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>ntuk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>pent<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>g <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>erikan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ajanan pada <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>anusia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Industri yang memberikan efluents Hg adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Yang memproses chlorin</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; line-height: 15.85pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Produksi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">C</span>oustic soda</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Tambang dan prosesing biji Hg</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Metalurgi dan elektroplating</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Pabrik<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Ki<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ia</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; line-height: 15.85pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Pabrik<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Tin<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>a</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Pabrik<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>Kertas</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Penyamakan Kulit</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; line-height: 15.85pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Pabrik<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>Tekstil</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Perusahaan Farmasi.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.5pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Seb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>gian <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seny<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>wa <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span>m</span>ercury <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dilepas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lingkungan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span>m</span>engala<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>proses <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ethylation <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enjadi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ethyl<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ercury <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(M<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">eH</span>g) <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oleh <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>croo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>gani<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>air <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.5pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MeHg <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cepat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diaku<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ulasikan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ikan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>buh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>air per<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>uka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>Kadar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>cury<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>ikan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>encapai<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>100<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span>000<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>li<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>dar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>air disekitarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; line-height: 14.95pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mp</span>ok<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Resiko<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Tinggi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Terpajan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> H</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">g</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Orang-orang y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>punyai poten<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>ial terpajan Hg diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 36.7pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Pekerja pabrik yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enggun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">H</span>g</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 36.7pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Janin, b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>yi dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>ak-<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>nak :</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 50.85pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings;">ƒ</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>MeHg dap<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ene<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bus placenta<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt -1pt 0.0001pt 50.85pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings;">ƒ</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Sistem syaraf sensitif terhadap<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>keracunan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Hg.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 50.85pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings;">ƒ</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>MeHg pada<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>ASI, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aka bayi y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enyu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>u dapat terpajan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1.05pt -10.2pt 0.0001pt 47.6pt; text-indent: -10.9pt; line-height: 15pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Masyarakat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>pengkonsumsi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>ikan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>berasal<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>daerah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>perairan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>terce<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ar <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ercury.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.75pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>janan </span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">melalui inhalasi, oral,kulit<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 33.4pt; line-height: 14.7pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">Damp<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>da Keseh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>tan</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section7"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.55pt -12.35pt 0.0001pt 44.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mercury <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>asuk <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>teratog<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>nik. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">e</span>Hg <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>distribusik<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keseluruh <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jaringan teruta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>darah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>otak.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>Me<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">H</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>teruta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>terkonsentrasi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>darah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>ak.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>90<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 44.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">% dite<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>kan dalam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>darah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 44.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Efek Fisio<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>ogis :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.5pt 0.0001pt 44.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Efek<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>toksisitas<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>mercury<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>terutama<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>unan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>saraf<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>pusat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>(SSP)<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>njal,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ana <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ercury <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>teraku<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ulasi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>pat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enyeb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">a</span>bk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>sakan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">S</span>SP <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ginjal <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>antara lain<span style=""> </span>tremor, kehilangan daya ingat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 44.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Efek<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>pertu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>buhan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 44.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MeHg <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>punyai efek p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>da ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>sakan j<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>nin d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n terh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">d</span>ap pertu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>buh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>yi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt -10.2pt 0.0001pt 44.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kadar<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>MeHg<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>darah<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bayi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>baru<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lahir<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dibandingkan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>h<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ibu <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>punyai<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>kaitan signifikan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -10.15pt 0.0001pt 44.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bayi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dilahirk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>ibu <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terpajan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>MeHg <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bisa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enderita <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kerusak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>otak dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>nifestasi :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.7pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Retardasi mental</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.7pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Tuli</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.7pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Penciut<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>lapangan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.7pt; line-height: 15.85pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Buta</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.7pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Microch<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>phaly</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.7pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Cerebral Palsy</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 47.7pt; line-height: 15.85pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Gangguan menelan</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 44.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Efek<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>lain<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -10.2pt 0.0001pt 44.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Efek <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terhadap <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sistem <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pernafasan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>ncernaan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>pat <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terjadi <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada keracun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>akut.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 4.5pt 0.0001pt 44.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Inhalasi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>ele<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ental<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>Mercury<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>ngakibatk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>kerusakan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>berat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>jaring<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n paru.<span style=""> </span>S<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>dangkan<span style=""> </span>kera<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">c</span>unan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>akanan<span style=""> </span>yang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engandung<span style=""> </span>Mercury<span style=""> </span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enyeb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>bkan kerus<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>kan liver.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">2</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Ch<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>mium</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -10.8pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 15pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chromium<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>adalah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>suatu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>logam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>keras<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>berwarna<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>abu-abu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>sulit<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>dioksidasi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>meski<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>dalam suhu tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -10.65pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ch<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ium <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>digun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ol<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>industri <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>: <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Metal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>rgi, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Kimia, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Refract<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>ry <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(heat <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>resistent<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">application)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -10.75pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>industri<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>metalurgi,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>chromium<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>merup<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>ko<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">m</span>pon<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>pen<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>ing<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>ri<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>stainless<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>stee<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">l</span>s dan berb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ai ca<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>puran logam<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>industri ki<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ia<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>digunak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n sebagai :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 26.4pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>Cat pigmen (dapat berwarna merah, kun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>ng, orange d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n hijau)</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 26.4pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>Ch<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e plating</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 26.4pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>Penyamakan kulit</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 26.4pt; line-height: 15.55pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>Treat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ent Wool</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section8"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.55pt -10.85pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chromium<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>terdapat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>stabil<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>3<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>valensi.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>Berdasarkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>urut<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>tok<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>isitasnya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>adalah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>Cr-<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">O, Cr-III, Cr-VI<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -10.85pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Electroplating,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>penyamakan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>kulit<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>pabrik<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>textil<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>merupakan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>sumber<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>utama<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>pemajanan chromium ke air permukaan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt -10.8pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Limbah<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>padat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tempat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>prosesing<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">h</span>romium<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dibuang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>landfill<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erupak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>er konta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>inan terhad<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>p air tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mp</span>ok<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Resiko<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Tinggi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.7pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>Pekerja di industri yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>roduksi d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enggun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n Cr.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.7pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>Peru<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ahan yang terletak d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>kat te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>at produksi akan terpajan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Cr-VI lebih tinggi</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -11.05pt 0.0001pt 23.7pt; line-height: 15.85pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>Perumahan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dibangun <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diatas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bekas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>landfill, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terpajan <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>melalui <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pernafasan</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 41.7pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(inhalasi) atau kulit.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 26.45pt; line-height: 14.7pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:group id="_x0000_s1026" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" coordorigin="3016,483" coordsize="447,303" allowincell="f"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" style="'position:absolute;left:3168;top:491;width:288;" coordsize="288,0" allowincell="f" path="m,hhl288,e" filled="f" strokecolor="#010101"> <v:path arrowok="t"> </v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1028" style="'position:absolute;left:3024;top:491;" coordsize="432,288" allowincell="f" path="m,287hhl432,e" filled="f" strokecolor="#010101"> <v:path arrowok="t"> </v:shape><w:wrap anchorx="page"> </v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: -1; left: 0px; margin-left: 201px; margin-top: 32px; width: 30px; height: 21px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/NIWADA%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1026 _x0000_s1027 _x0000_s1028" width="30" height="21" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">Pemajanan </span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">mela<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>i :</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 26.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="height: 15.35pt;"> <td style="padding: 0cm; width: 12pt; height: 15.35pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 0cm; line-height: 14.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0cm; width: 61.8pt; height: 15.35pt;" valign="top" width="82"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 6pt; line-height: 14.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Inhalasi</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0cm; width: 101.65pt; height: 15.35pt;" valign="top" width="136"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -3.95pt 0.0001pt 14.65pt; line-height: 14.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">terutama pekerja</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.35pt;"> <td style="padding: 0cm; width: 12pt; height: 15.35pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 0cm; line-height: 14.85pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0cm; width: 61.8pt; height: 15.35pt;" valign="top" width="82"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 6pt; line-height: 14.8pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kulit</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0cm; width: 101.65pt; height: 15.35pt;" valign="top" width="136"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1.3pt -1pt 0.0001pt 26.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Oral : <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>asyarakat pada<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>nya<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dampak Kesehatan</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.8pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Efek Fisio<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>ogi :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1.05pt -11.75pt 0.0001pt 41.7pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 15pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Cr<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>(III)<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>merupakan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>unsur<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>penting<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>makanan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>(trace<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>essential)<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>mempunyai fungsi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enjaga agar metabolis<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e glu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">c</span>osa,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>le<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ak dan cholesterol berjalan nor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>al.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.85pt -11.15pt 0.0001pt 41.7pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 15pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Org<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>uta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rserang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>ena<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>Cr<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">h</span>isap<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>adalah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>paru<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>aru,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>sedangk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>gan lain yang bisa terserang adalah ginjal, lever, kulit d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n sistem imunitas<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.75pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Efek<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Kulit<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dermatitis<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>berat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>ulkus<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>kulit<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>karena<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>kontak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Cr-IV<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Efek<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Ginjal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bila terhirup Cr-VI dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engakib<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>tkan necrosis tubu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>us renalis<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Efek<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Hati<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -12.45pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pemajanan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>akut<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>Cr<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>meny<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>babkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>necrosis<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>hepar.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>Bila<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>terjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>20<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>%<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>tubuh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>tersiram asam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Cr akan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>kibatkan kerusakan berat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>hepar d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n terjadi keg<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>galan g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>njal akut.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">3</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Cadm<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>um<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>(Cd)</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 4.4pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cad<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ium <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erupak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ala<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terdapat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kerak <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>i. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Cad<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ium <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>rni berupa<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>log<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>berwarna<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>putih<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>lun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>k,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>bentuk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>ini<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>tak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>lazim<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>dite<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ukan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>di lingkungan.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>Umumnya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>cadmium<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>terdapat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>dal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>ko<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>binasi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>deng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ele<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>lain<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>seperti Oxigen <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(Cadmium <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Oxide), <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Clo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>ine <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(Cad<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ium <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Chlor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>de) <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>belerang <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(Cad<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ium Sulfide).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt -13.15pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; text-indent: 0.55pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ny<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Cad<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ium <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(Cd) <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>rup<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>kan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>oduk <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ing <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>nge<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>ran <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seng, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ah atau <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tembaga <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cadmium <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bany<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>digunak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berbagai <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>dustri, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terutama <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>plating<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.55pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">loga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>, pig<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>en, baterai dan plastik.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section9"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 13.3pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>janan</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt -10.8pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>er <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ajanan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Cd <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berasal <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>akanan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karena <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enyerap <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engikat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">C</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">d</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>isalnya : tana<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>an dan ik<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt -10.9pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; text-indent: -0.6pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tidak<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>jarang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">C</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>diju<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>air<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>karena<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>adanya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>sapan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ngan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>h bah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n ki<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Damp<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>da kesehat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>n</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -10.8pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Beberapa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>efek<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>ditimbulk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>akibat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>pemajanan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>Cd<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>adalah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>adanya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>kerusakan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>ginjal, liver, test<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">es</span>, sis<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">t</span>em <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">i</span>munitas, sist<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>susunan saraf dan darah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">4</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Cupper (Cu)</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt -12.2pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>aga <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erupak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>logam <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berwarna <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erah-<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erahan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>pakai <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sebagai <span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>logam <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>rni atau logam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>puran <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>uasa) dalam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>pabrik kawat, pelapis loga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>, pipa d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>janan</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 4.5pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>manusia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>melalui<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>pernafasan,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>oral<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>lit<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>berasal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>berbagai<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>bahan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>yang mengandung<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>tembaga.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>Tembaga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>juga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>terd<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">p</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>buangan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>bah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n berbahaya.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Senyawa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>aga y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng larut dalam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>air akan lebih <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engancam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>kesehatan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -11pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>asuk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>dal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>tubuh,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>cepat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>asuk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>ke peredaran<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>darah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>didistribusi<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ke seluruh tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dampak terhadap Kesehatan</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.8pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>jumlah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>kecil<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>(1<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">g</span>/hr) penting dalam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>diet agar <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>anusia tetap sehat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -10.8pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Na<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>un<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>atu<span style=""> </span>intake<span style=""> </span>tunggal<span style=""> </span>atau<span style=""> </span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>take<span style=""> </span>perh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ri<span style=""> </span>yang<span style=""> </span>sangat<span style=""> </span>tinggi<span style=""> </span>dapat membahayakan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.45pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bila<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>inum<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>air<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>kadar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">C</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>lebih<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>ting<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>akan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>batkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mu</span>ntah, diare, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kram <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>perut <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>al. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Bila <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>intake <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sangat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tinggi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>kibatk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kerusakan liver dan g<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>njal, bahkan sa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ai ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>atian.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">5</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Timah Hi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">P</span>b)</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.8pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sumber emisi antara lain dari :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -10.9pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pabrik <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>plastik, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>percetakan, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pel<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>bur<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ah, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pabr<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karet, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pab<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>ik <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>baterai, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kendaraan ber<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>otor, pabrik cat, ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>ang ti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ah dsb.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pemajanan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">melalui Oral dan Inhalasi<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Damp<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>da Keseh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>tan</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -6.8pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.8pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sekali <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>asuk ke dal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>tubuh ti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ah didistribusik<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n teruta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a ke 3 (tiga) ko<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>pon<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>n yaitu<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 26.4pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>Darah</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 26.4pt; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>Jaringan lunak <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">g</span>injal, su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ms</span>um<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>tulang, liver, otak)</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section10"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2.55pt -1pt 0.0001pt 26.4pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Jaringan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>deng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> m</span>iner<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>l (tulang + gigi)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -10.95pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tubuh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eni<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bun<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>ti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>sela<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>seu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ur<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">u</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>secara<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>nor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>mengelua<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n cara yang lambat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.45pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Efek <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ditimbulkan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>adalah <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gangguan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>saraf <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>perifer <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sentral, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sel <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>darah, ganggu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>etabolisme<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>Vit.D<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>Calsium<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>sebagai<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>unsur<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>tuk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>lang,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>ganggu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n ginjal <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>secara <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kronis, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ene<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bus <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>placenta <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sehingga <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>enga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>uhi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rtu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>buh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n janin.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">6</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Nickel (Ni)</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.8pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nikel be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>pa logam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>berwarna p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>bentuk be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>agai <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ineral.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -10.85pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ni <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dip<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>oduksi <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">j</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Nickel, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>peleburan/ <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>daur <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ulang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>besi, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>teruta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>digun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>kan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam berbagai macam baja dan s<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>asa serta elektroplating.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -10.85pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Salah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>satu <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sumber <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terbesar <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Ni <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terbesar <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>at<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>sphere <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berasal <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hasil <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>akaran<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BBM,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>perta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bang<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>penyulingan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> m</span>inyak,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">c</span>enerator.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -10.75pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>er <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Ni <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>air <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berasal <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>pur <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bah, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cair <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>“Sewage <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Treat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ent<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Plant”, air tanah d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>kat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>lokasi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>landfill.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pemajanan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">melalui inhalasi, oral dan kontak kulit.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dampak terhadap Kesehatan</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt 4.4pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ni dan senyaw<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>nya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erup<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>kan bahan karsi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">n</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>nik. Inhalasi debu yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engandung Ni- Sulfide<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>kiba<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">k</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>atian<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>karena<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>nk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>paru<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>aru<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>rongga<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>hidung,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ungk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>n juga d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>pat terjadi kanker pita suara.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.9pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">7</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Pestisida</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt -13.15pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pestisida<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>mengandung<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>konotasi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>zat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>kimia<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>han<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>lain<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>ter<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>asuk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>jasad<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>enik<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engandung <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>racun <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>engaruh <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">m</span>bulk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ak <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>gatif <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>signifikan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 22.75pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">terhadap k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>sehatan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>nusia, kelestarian l<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>ngkung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n kesela<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>tan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>tenaga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rja. Pestisida banyak dig<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>nakan pada sektor<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>pertanian dan per<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">d</span>agangan/ komoditi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.75pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pemajanan melalui :<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Oral, Inhalasi, Kulit<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Damp<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>da Keseh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>tan</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -13.15pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.8pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pestisida <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>golong<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">O</span>rganophosphat <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">C</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>rba<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engakibatk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keracun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 4.5pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Siste<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ik <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>enzym <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Cholin<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">es</span>terase <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>(Enzim <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engontrol <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>trans<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>isi i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>pulse<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>saraf)<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sehingga<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>enga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>uhi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kerja<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>susunan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>saraf<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pusat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berakibat terganggunya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>fungsi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>organ<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>penting<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>lainnya<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>tubuh.<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>K<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>racun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>pestisida<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>go<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>ong<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n Org<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>no<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">c</span>hlorine dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erusak saluran p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">r</span>naan,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>jaringan,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>organ<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>penting<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">8</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Arsene</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.15pt -11pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Arsene<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>berwarna<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>abu-abu,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mu</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>ben<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>ini<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>jarang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>ada<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>lingkung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>Arsen<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>air<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>di te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ukan d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>lam<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>bentuk s<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>nyawa deng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n satu atau lebih ele<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>en lain.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt -10.85pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Arsen<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oksigen,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>clorin<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>erang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>seb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>gai<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Arsen<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ino<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>gan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>k, sedangk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n senyawa deng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>Ca<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>on d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">H</span>yd<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>n sebagai Arsen Organ<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>k.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section11"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.55pt -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Arsen inorgan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>k leb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>beracun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>arsen o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>gan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>k.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -10.95pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Suatu <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mp</span>at <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ki<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ia <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">a</span>ndung <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>banyak <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>sen, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eskipun <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ben<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>uk bah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n tak diketahui (<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">O</span>rgan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">k</span>/ Inorgan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>k)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.45pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Industri<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>peleburan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>tembaga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>metal<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>lain<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>biasanya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>elepas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>arsen<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>ino<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>gan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>udara. Arsen <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kadar <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>rend<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bia<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dite<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>kan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>da <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kebanyak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fosil <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>inyak, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>aka pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>akar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n zat tersebut <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enghasil<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">k</span>an k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>dar arsen inorganik ke udara<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.95pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penggunaan arsen terbesar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>adalah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>uk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>pestisida.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.4pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pemajanan<span style=""> </span>Arsen <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ke<span style=""> </span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tubuh<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>anu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>ia<span style=""> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>nya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>elalui<span style=""> </span>oral,<span style=""> </span>dari<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>akanan/ minuman. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Arsen <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tertelan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>secara <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>cepat <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diserap <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>la<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">b</span>ung <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>usus <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>halus ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>udi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>asuk ke peredaran d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>rah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dampak terhadap Kesehatan</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 4.45pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Arsen<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>inorgan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>k<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>telah<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>kenal<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sebagai<span style=""> </span>racun<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>anusia<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sejak<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>la<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>batkan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>atian. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Dosis <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>rend<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>akan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engakibatkan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>sakan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jaringan. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Bi<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>elalui<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>lut,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>nya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">f</span>ek<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>ti<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bul<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>adal<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>iritasi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>saluran<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>nan,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>nyeri, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>al, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>untah d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n dia<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>e.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -10.85pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Selain<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>itu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>batkan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>nu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>unan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">n</span>tukan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>sel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>darah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>putih,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>ganggu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">fungsi jantung, ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>sakan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>uh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>darah,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>uka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>hati<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>ginjal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">9</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Nitrogen<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Oxide<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>(NOx)</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt -10.85pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">NOx<span style=""> </span>merupakan<span style=""> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">a</span>han<span style=""> </span>polutan<span style=""> </span>pen<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>ing<span style=""> </span>dilingkungan<span style=""> </span>yang<span style=""> </span>berasal<span style=""> </span>dari<span style=""> </span>hasil pembakaran dari berbagai b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> m</span>engandung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Nitrog<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>n<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ajanan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>anusia pada u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>nya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">me</span>lalui inhalasi atau pernafasan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -10.85pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ak <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rhad<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>p <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>ehatan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>upa <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kerac<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>nan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>kut <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>ehingga <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>buh <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enj<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">d</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>le<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ah, sesak nafas, batuk yang d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>pat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eny<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>babk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n ede<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a pada paru-pa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>u<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">10</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>Sulfur Oxide (SOx)</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt -10.85pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Su<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">SO</span>2<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>bersal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ri<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>akaran<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>B<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">B</span>M<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>batu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>ba<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>penyulingan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>inyak,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>industri ki<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ia dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>etalurgi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.15pt; line-height: 14.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Keseha<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>berupa keracunan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>kut<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1.15pt 4.5pt 0.0001pt 41.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ajanan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lewat <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ing<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>sti <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>efeknya <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berat, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>rasa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terbakar <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>lut, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pharynx, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>abdo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>en yang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>disu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>untah,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>are,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>tinja<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>gelap<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>(<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>elena).<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>Tekan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>darah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>tu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>n drastis.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.85pt -12.4pt 0.0001pt 41.7pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 15pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ajanan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lewat <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>inhalasi, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enyeb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>bk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>rit<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>si <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>saluran <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pernaf<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s</span>an, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>batuk, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>rasa tercekik, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kemudian <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>terjadi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>edema <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ru, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>rasa <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>se<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>it <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>did<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>da, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tekanan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dar<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>h<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 41.7pt; line-height: 14.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">rend<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>h d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n nadi cepat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.7pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>Pemajanan lewat kulit terasa s<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ngat nyeri dan kulit terbakar.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">11</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style="letter-spacing: -1.6pt;"> </span>Karbonmonoksida <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">C</span>O)</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -13.15pt 0.0001pt 23.7pt; line-height: 15pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Karbon<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>onoksida<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>adalah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>gas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>dak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>rbau<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>dan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>dak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>berwa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>na,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>berasal<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>hasil proses <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>akaran <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tidak <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>se<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>purna <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>han <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bakar <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engandung <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>rantai <span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karbon<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.7pt; line-height: 14.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(C).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 23.7pt; line-height: 14.65pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">Pemajanan pada manusia lewat i<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">n</span>halasi.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <div class="Section12"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 41.7pt; line-height: 13.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Da<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ak pada kesehat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 44.4pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>Keracun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>akut</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt -12.4pt 0.0001pt 62.4pt; line-height: 15pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Terjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>setelah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>terpajan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>karbon<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>onoksida<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>berkadar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>tinggi.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>CO<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>asuk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>kedalam tubuh<span style=""> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style=""> </span>cepat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engikat<span style=""> </span>hae<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">m</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>ne<span style=""> </span>dalam<span style=""> </span>darah<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>emben<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>uk<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -10.15pt 0.0001pt 62.4pt; line-height: 14.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">karboks<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span>ae<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>oglobine<span style=""> </span>(CO<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">H</span>b),<span style=""> </span>sehin<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>ga<span style=""> </span>hae<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>ne<span style=""> </span>tidak<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>punyai<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.45pt 0.0001pt 62.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>puan<span style=""> </span>untuk<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engikat<span style=""> </span>oks<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">g</span>en<span style=""> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>ng<span style=""> </span>sang<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>t<span style=""> </span>diperlukan<span style=""> </span>untuk<span style=""> </span>proses keh<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>dup<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dari<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>da<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jaringan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>buh.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Hal<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ini<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>diseb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>bk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karena<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">C</span>O <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>punyai<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>ikat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>erhadap<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>oglobine<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>200<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">p</span>ai<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>300<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>kali<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>lebih<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>bes<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>dari pada <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oksigen, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>atk<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>gangguan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>fungsi <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>otak <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>atau <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hypoxia, susun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>araf,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>jantung,<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>karena<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>org<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tersebut<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kekurangan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>oksig<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>n<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n selanjutnya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>batkan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>atian.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 44.4pt; line-height: 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Symbol; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;"><span style=""> </span>Keracun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>kronis</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt -12.3pt 0.0001pt 62.4pt; line-height: 15pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Terjadi<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>ena<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>terpajan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>berul<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">-</span>ulang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>CO <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>berkadar<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>rendah<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>sedang. Keracun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kronis <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eni<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>kan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kelainan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>buluh <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>darah, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ganggu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>ngsi<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 62.4pt; line-height: 14.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ginjal, jantung, d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>rah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 5pt;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">VI.<span style=""> </span>Penutup.</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 4.55pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.3pt; line-height: 14.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Up<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">y</span>a<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>elihara<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>eningkat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>an<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>derajat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kesehatan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>adalah<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>upaya promotif, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>preventif, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pengobatan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pemuli<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">h</span>an; <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>menitik <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>ratkan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>pada <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>upaya pro<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>otif <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>preven<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>if. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Filosofi <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kesehat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enyatak<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>bahwa <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>encegah <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>bih<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; line-height: 14.85pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">udah dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>rah dari p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">e</span>ngobatan, sebaiknya dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enjadi rujukan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -11.1pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Li<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">B</span>3<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>sebelum<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>dibu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>edia<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>lingkun<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">g</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>seharusnya<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>olah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>/<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>ditreatment<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>lebih du<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>u.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.4pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>erintah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>telah <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>engeluark<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">g</span>ai <span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>peraturan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>berhu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">b</span>ung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>ngan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>asalah lingkungan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>hidup, <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>tara <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lain <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>ur <span style="letter-spacing: -1.55pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>hwa <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">l</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>ah <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>hasilkan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ol<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span>h <span style="letter-spacing: -1.5pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sua<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>u kegiatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>isal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>:<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>industri)<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>dibuang<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>lingkung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">(</span>udara<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>perairan)<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>harus<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>sesuai dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ku<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>tu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>ngkung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>baik<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>itu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>baku<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>mutu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>untuk<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>maupun<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>baku<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>mutu<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>untuk<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05pt -1pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">air.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 4.4pt 0.0001pt 34.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maksud <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>tu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>peraturan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>ersebut <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>adalah <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>sebagai <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>up<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ya <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>penc<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">g</span>ah<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>agar <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>daya dukung <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lingkung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>daya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ta<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>pung <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lin<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">g</span>kung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>kelangsung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>dup <span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>anu<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>ia dapat<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>dipe<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span>tahank<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>Biaya<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>keluark<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>dari<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>unt<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">u</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>pengobatan<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>atau<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>pemulihan kesehatan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lebih <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ba<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">t</span>uk <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">e</span>njaga, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>elihara <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>elestarikan <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>lingkung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ag<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>anusia dapat tetap produktif dan dapat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>enik<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span>ati hidupnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.7pt 172.8pt 0.0001pt 173.85pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DAFTAR<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>KEPUSTAKAAN</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.7pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 9pt;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">1</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span>Azrul Azwar. <u>Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat</u> Mutiara Jakarta 1983<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">2</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span>Departemen Kesehatan R.I. <u>S<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">i</span>stem Kesehatan Nasional,</u><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Depkes R.I. Jakarta, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">1</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">9</span>82.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -12pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">3</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span>Haryoto<span style=""> </span>Ku<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>oputranto.<span style=""> </span><u>Kesehatan <span style=""> </span>Lingkung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n</u><span style=""> </span>Departemen<span style=""> </span>Pendidikan<span style=""> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">a</span>n<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -9.15pt 0.0001pt 90.8pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kebud<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">U</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">n</span>iversitas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Indonesia, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>F<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>kultas <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Kesehatan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Masyarakat, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 90.8pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1985.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -11.95pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">4</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span>Slamet <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Ryadi. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><u>Pengaruh <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Air <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>P<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">o</span>llution <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>di <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dalam <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Public <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Health</u><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>Seri <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Public <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Health.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 90.8pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Airlangga<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>University<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>P<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">r</span>ess.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Surabaya<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>1973<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">5</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span>Slamet Ryadi. <u>Kesehatan Lingkungan.</u><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Ka<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">y</span>a Anda. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>rabaya 1984<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -12.05pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">6</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span>Umar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>Fahmi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>Achmadi.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><u>Dampak <span style="letter-spacing: -1.9pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>da <span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>ra <span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan <span style="letter-spacing: -1.95pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>keb<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>singan.</u><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">s</span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>Penge<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">b</span>angan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>Studi<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 90.8pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Masalah Lingkungan. Universit<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a</span>s Indonesia. Jakarta 1986.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -12pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">7</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; position: relative; top: 0.5pt;">.<span style=""> </span>Anonimus.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Departemen<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Kesehatan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>R.I.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><u>Bahan-Bahan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Berba<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">h</span>aya<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>dan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Dampakn<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">y</span>a</u></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.85pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 90.8pt; line-height: 13.3pt;"><u><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">terhadap<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> K</span>esehatan<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>Manusia</span></u><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jakarta 2001<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -12.05pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">8</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span>Shalahuddin<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Djalal<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>T<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>njung.<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><u>Dasar-Das<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>r<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>E<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">k</span>ologi<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Lingkungan<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Hidup</u> <span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Pusat<span style=""> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Studi<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1pt 0.0001pt 90.8pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lingkung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n H<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>dup <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Un</span>iversitas Gajah Mada, Yogyakarta 2002.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -12.1pt 0.0001pt 5.7pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">9</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<span style=""> </span>Shalahuddin <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Djalal <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Tanj<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span>ng. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><u>Toksikologi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Lingkung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n</u><span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">u</span>sat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Studi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>Lingkung<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>H<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">i</span>dup.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.95pt 0cm 0.0001pt; 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Yogyakarta 2002.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div>Anime Firehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17706945473275642779noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1827615976791918832.post-68848539718964949462010-05-02T02:54:00.000-07:002010-05-02T03:01:47.970-07:00PENYAKIT GINGGIVA<div class="fullpost"></div><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CNIWADA%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CNIWADA%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape 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GINGGIVA<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IT">1.1 Inflamasi Gingiva<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IT">Perubahan patologis pada gingivitis dihubungkan dengan jumlah mikrorganisme dalam sulkus gusi. Organisme ini memiliki kemampuan untuk mensintesis produk (kolagenase, hialuronidase, protease, kondrotin sulfatase, atau emdotoksin) yang menyebabkan kerusakan pada epithelial dan jaringan ikat, juga kandungan interselular seperti kolagen, substansi dasar, dan glikokaliks (<i style="">cell coat</i>).<span style=""> </span>Hal ini mengakibatkan perluasan ruang antara sel-sel <i style="">epithelial junction</i> selama gingivitis awal yang memungkinkan agen infeksi diperoleh dari bakteri untuk mendapat jalan masuk ke jaringan ikat. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IT">Meskipun penelitian luas, kita masih tidak dapat membedakan secara tepat antara jaringan gusi normal dengan <i style="">initial stage</i> dari gingivitis. Kebanyakan biopsi dari gingival normal manusia secara klinis mengandung sel-sel inflamasi yang predominan terdiri dari<span style=""> </span>sel-sel T, dengan sangat sedikit sel B atau plasma sel. Sel-sel ini tidak merusak jaringan, tetapi mereka akan menjadi penting pada saat merespon bakteri atau substansi lain yang mengganggu gingival. Dibawah kondisi normal, karena itu, aliran konstan neutrofil bermigrasi dari pembuluh darah flexus gingival melewati epitel junction, ke margin gingival, dan kedalam sulkus gingival kavitas oral.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IT"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IT">1.1.1<span style=""> </span>Stage I Gingivitis: Inisial Lesion<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IT"><span style=""> </span>Manifestasi pertama dari inflamasi ginggiva adalah perubahan vaskularisasi yaitu dilatasi kapiler dan peningkatan aliran darah. Perubahan inflamasi awal ini terjadi, dalam respon terhadap aktivasi mikroba dari <i style="">resident</i> leukosit dan stimulasi dari sel endothelial. Secara klinis, respon awal<span style=""> </span>ginggiva terhadap bakteri plak ini tidak kelihatan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IT"><span style=""> </span>Secara mikroskopik, beberapa ciri klasik inflamasi akut dapat dilihat pada jaringan ikat dibawah epithelial junction. Ciri morfologi perubahan pembuluh darah (pelebaran kapiler dan venula) dan adheren dari neutofil terhadap dinding pembuluh (marginasi) terjadi dalam 1 minggu dan kadang-kadang lebih cepat 2 hari setelah plak<span style=""> </span>dapat terakumulasi.<span style=""> </span>Leukosit, Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils (PMN`s) utama, meninggalkan pembuluh darah kapiler dengan bermigrasi melewati dinding ( diapedesis, emigrasi ). Mereka dapat terlihat dalam jumlah banyak pada jaringan ikat, epithelial junction, dan sulkus gusi. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Eksudat dari cairan sulkus ginggiva dan protein serum ekstravaskular terdapat disini. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Bagaimanapun, penemuan ini tidak diiringi dengan manifestasi dari kejelasan kerusakan jaringan pada lampu mikroskop atau level ultrastruktural; mereka tidak membentuk sebuah rembesan (<i style="">infiltrate</i> ); dan kehadirannnya tidak dipertimbangkan dalam perubahan patologi. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Perubahan juga dapat terdeteksi dalam <i style="">epithelial junction</i> dan jaringan ikat perivaskuler pada tahap awal ini. Limfosit segera terakumulasi. Peningkatan pada migrasi leukosit dan akumulasinya sampai sulkus gusi dapat dikorelasikan dengan peningkatan aliran cairan ginggiva dalam sulkus. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Karakter dan intensitas respon host menentukan apakah lesi inisial dapat dipecahkan secara cepat, dengan restorasi jaringan kembali ke keadaan normal, atau perlahan-lahan berkembang menjadi lesi inflamasi kronik. Jika hal ini terjadi, infiltrasi makrofag dan sel limfoid muncul dalam beberapa hari. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;">1</span></i></b><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;">.1.2<span style=""> </span>Stage II Gingivitis : The Early Lesion<i style=""><o:p></o:p></i></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" ><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">The early lesion</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"> berkembang dari <i style="">initial lesion</i> dalam 1 minggu setelah permulaan akumulasi plak. Secara klinis, early lesion mugkin tampak seperti gingivitis awal, yang berkembang dari<span style=""> </span><i style="">inisial lesion</i>. Seiring berjalannya waktu, tanda-tanda klinis<span style=""> </span>eritema dapat terlihat, terutama proliferasi kapiler dan peningkatan formasi loop kapiler antara <i style="">rete pegs</i> atau ridges. Perdarahan pada pemeriksaan mungkin juga terjadi. Aliran cairan gingiva dan jumlah dari leukosit yang bertransmigrasi mencapai jumlah maksimum antara 6 sampai 12 hari setelah onset dari gingivitis klinik.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Pemeriksaan mikroskopik gusi memperlihatkan infiltrasi leukosit pada jaringan ikat dibawah epithelial junction terdiri dari limfosit utama ( 75% dengan sel T mayor ), tetapi juga membuat beberapa migrasi neutrofil, seperti makrofag, sel plasma, dan mast sel. Semua perubahan terlihat dalam lesi inisial berlanjut ke intensitas dengan <i style="">early lesion</i>. Epithelium junction menjadi infiltrasi padat dengan neutrofil, seperti sulkus ginggiva, dan epithelium junction mulai menunjukkan perkembangan <i style="">rete pegs</i> atau ridges. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Terdapat peningkatan jumlah destruksi kolagen; 70% kolagen dihancurkan disekitar infiltrasi selular. Kelompok serat utama mengakibatkan kolagen terlihat berbentuk sirkuler dan kumpulan-kumpulan serat dentoginggiva. Perubahan pada ciri morfologi pembuluh darah juga dapat dilihat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>PMN`s yang telah meninggalkan pembuluh darah karena respon terhadap stimuli kemotaktik dari komponen plak yang berjalan ke epithelium, menyebrangi lamina basalis,dan ditemukan pada epithelium dan muncul di daerah poket.. PMNs menarik bakteri dan terjadi fagositosis. PMN`s mengeluarkan lisosom berhubungan dengan ingesti bakteri. Fibroblast menunjukkan perubahan sitotoksik dengan penurunan kapasitas produksi kolagen. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:183pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\NIWADA~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" title="" gain="84021f" blacklevel="-2621f"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/NIWADA%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="244" height="321" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:147pt;height:241.5pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\NIWADA~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/NIWADA%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="196" height="322" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.1.3<span style=""> </span>Stage III Gingivitis :<span style=""> </span>The<span style=""> </span>Established Lesion<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span><i style="">Established lesion</i> karakteristiknya berupa predominan sel plasma dan limfosit B dan kemungkinan berhubungan dengan pembentukan batas poket gingival kecil dengan poket epithelial. Sel B yang ditemukan dalam <i style="">established lesion</i> predominan oleh imunoglobin G1 (IgG1) dan G3 (IgG3).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Pada gingivitis kronis (stage III), yang terjadi 2 atau 3 minggu setelah permulaan akumulasi plak,<span style=""> </span>pembuluh darah menjadi <i style="">engorged</i> dan padat, vena kembali dirusak, dan aliran darah menjadi lambat. Hasilnya adalah anoxemia ginggiva local, yang ditandai dengan adanya corak kebiru-biruan pada gusi yang merah. Ekstravasasi dari sel darah merah kedalam jaringan ikat dan terganggunya haemoglobin dalam komponen pigmen dapat juga memperdalam warna kekronisan inflamasi ginggiva. <i style="">Established lesion</i> dapat dijelaskan secara klinis selayaknya inflamasi ginggiva pada umumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Secara histology, reaksi inflamasi kronik dapat diobservasi. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan inflamasi gingival kronik. Ciri kunci yang membedakan <i style="">established lesion</i> adalah peningkatan jumlah sel plasma. Sel plasma menyerbu jaringan ikat tidak hanya dibawah epithelial junction, tetapi juga jauh didalam jaringan ikat, sekitar pembuluh darah, dan antara kelompok-kelompok serat kolagen. Epithelial junction menyingkap ruangan interselular diisi dengan debris granular sel, termasuk lisosom diperoleh dari neutrofil, limfosit, dan monosit yang terganggu. Lisosom mengandung asam hidrolase yang dapat menghancurkan komponen jaringan. Epithelial junction berkembang menjadi rete pegs atau ridges yang menonjol dalam jaringan ikat, dan lamina basalis dihancurkan pada beberapa area. Pada jaringan ikat, serat kolagen dihancurkan disekitar perembesan dari plasma sel yang intact dan terganggu.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Predomonan dari sel plasma menjadi karakteristik utama dari <i style="">established lesion</i>. Bagaimanapun, beberapa penelitian dari eksperimen gingivitis pada manusia telah gagal mendemonstrasikan predominansi sel plasma dalam mempengaruhi jaringan ikat, termasuk satu penelitian dalam durasi 6 bulan. Peningkatan dari proporsi sel plasma diperjelas dengan gingivitis yang tahan lama, tetapi waktu untuk perkembangan established lesion mungkin melebihi 6 bulan. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Stage ini terlihat adanya hubungan terbalik antara jumlah kelompok kolagen intact dan jumlah sel-sel inflamasi. Aktivitas<span style=""> </span>kolagenolitik ditingkatkan dalam jaringan gusi yang mengalami inflamasi melalui enzim kolagenase. Kolagenase secara normal berada pada jaringan gusi dan dihasilkan melalui beberapa bakteri oral dan PMN`s. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa inflamasi ginggiva kronik mengalami peningkatan level asam dan alkaline fosfat, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">β</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">-glukuronidase, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">β</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"> -glukosidase,<span style=""> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">β</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"> -galaktosidase, esterase, aminopeptida, sitokrom oksidase, elastase, laktat dehidrogenase, dan aril sulfatase, semuanya dihasilkan dari bakteri dan penghancuran jaringan. Tingkat mukopolisakarida netral diturunkan, agaknya merupakan hasil dari degradasi substansi dasar.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span><i style="">Established lesion</i> terdapat 2 tipe: beberapa tetap stabil dan tidak mengalami progress untuk beberapa bulan atau tahun dan yang lain menjadi lebih aktif dan berubah untuk penghancuran lesi secara progresif. Established lesion juga tampak reversible. Flora kembali dari karakteristik yang mendukung kerusakan lesi menjadi asosiasi dengan kesehatan periodontal. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" >Persentase sel plasma menurun drastic, dan jumlah limfosit meningkat secara proporsional.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> </div> <span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="EN-GB">
<br /></span></b></span> <div class="Section2"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">1.1.4<span style=""> </span>Stage IV Gingivitis : The Advanced Lesion <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span></span></i></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Perluasan lesi kedalam tulang alveolar merupakan karakter dari stage ke empat yang disebut <i style="">advanced lesion</i>. Untuk lebih jelasnya, akan dibahas pada chapter 27 dan 28.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Secara mikroskopik, terdapat fibrosis pada gingival dan manifestasi inflamasi yang menyebar dan kerusakan jaringan imunopatologi. Pada dasarnya,dalam advanced lesion, sel plasma berlanjut mendominasi jaringan ikat, dan neutrofil berlanjut mendominasi epithelial junction dan celah gingival.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Gingivitis akan mengalami progress menjadi periodontitis hanya pada individu yang rentan. Bagaimanapun, apakah periodontitis dapat terjadi tanpa didahului gingivitis atau tidak, belum diketahui saat ini.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span></span></b><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Tabel Stage of Gingivitis</span></b><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; width: 413px; height: 306px; text-align: left; margin-right: auto;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="height: 87.25pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt; height: 87.25pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">STAGE<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.55pt; height: 87.25pt; text-align: center;color:black black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="58"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">TIME (DAYS<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.1pt; height: 87.25pt; text-align: center;color:black black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">BLOOD VESSELS<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.3pt; height: 87.25pt; text-align: center;color:black black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">JUNCTIONAL AND SULCULAR EPITELIUM<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.5pt; height: 87.25pt; text-align: center;color:black black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="91"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">PREDOMINANT IMUNE CELL<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt; height: 87.25pt; text-align: center;color:black black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="90"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">COLLAGEN<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63pt; height: 87.25pt; text-align: center;color:black black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">CLINICAL FINDINGS<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 8.8pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-indent: -4.7pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">I.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Initial Lesion<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.55pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="58"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">2-4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.1pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Dilatasi vaskular<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.3pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Infiltrasi oleh PMN`s<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.5pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="91"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">PMN`s<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="90"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Kehilangan perivaskular<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Aliran cairan gingiva<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 3.6pt; text-indent: -8.1pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">II.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Early lesion<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.55pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="58"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">4-7<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.1pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Proliferasi vaskular<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.3pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IT">Sama seperti stage I; rete peg formation; area atropik<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.5pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="91"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">limfosit<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="90"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Kehilangan meningkat sekitar infiltrasi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Erytema; perdarahan dalam pemeriksaan<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.4pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">III. Established Lesion<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.55pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="58"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">14-21<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.1pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Sama seperti stage II,ditambah stasis darah<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.3pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Sama seperti stage II,tapi tingkatnya lebih tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.5pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="91"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Plasma sel<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="90"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Terus kehilangan<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63pt; text-align: center;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="NO-BOK">Perubahan warna, ukuran, tekstur, dll<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"> </div></div> <span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="NO-BOK">
<br /></span></b></span> <div class="Section3"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="NO-BOK">1.2<span style=""> </span>Gambaran Klinis Gingivitis<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="NO-BOK">Penelitian gingivitis eksperimental memberikan fakta empiris bahwa akumulasi biofilm bakteri pada permukaan gigi bersih menghasilkan perkembangan proses inflamasi di sekitar jaringan gingival. Penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa inflamasi local akan berlangsung selama biofilm mikroba berada berdekatan dengan jaringan gingiva, dan inflamasi mungkin dapat diatasi dengan pembersihan biofilm secara tepat. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="NO-BOK">Pada dasarnya, tanda-tanda klinis gingivitis berupa : kemerahan pada jaringan gusi, perdarahan , perubahan kontur, dan adanya kalkulus atau plak. Pemeriksaan histology pada gingival yang mengalami inflamasi menyebabkan ulserasi epithelium. Adanya mediator inflamasi member efek negative pada fungsi epithelial sebagai barrier perlindungan. Perbaikan ulserasi pada epithelium ini tergantung pada proliferasi atau regenerasi dari aktivitas sel epitel.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="NO-BOK">1.2.1<span style=""> </span>Course and Duration<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="NO-BOK">Gingivitis dapat terjadi dengan onset yang tiba-tiba dan durasi pendek dan dapat terasa nyeri. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:85%;" lang="NO-BOK"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="NO-BOK">Gingivitis akut adalah keadaan nyeri yang dating tiba-tiba dan dengan durasi yang pendek<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:85%;" lang="NO-BOK"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="NO-BOK">Subakut gingivitis adalah fase yang sedikit lebih parah dari kondisi akut<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:85%;" lang="NO-BOK"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="NO-BOK">Rekuren gingivitis muncul kembali setelah hilang melalui perawatan atau hilang secara spontan dan muncul kembali.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:85%;" lang="NO-BOK"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="NO-BOK">Kronik gingivitis datang secara lambat, memiliki durasi yang panjang, dan tidak nyeri<span style=""> </span>jika bukan merupakan komplikasi dari akut atau subakut eksaserbasi. Gingivitis kronik adalah jenis yang paling umum ditemukan. Gingivitis kronik merupakan penyakit fluktuatif dimana inflamasi berlangsung atau sembuh dan area normal menjadi terinflamasi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="NO-BOK"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:111.75pt;height:90.75pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\NIWADA~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/NIWADA%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="149" height="121" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">1.2.2<span style=""> </span>Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Localized Ginggivitis</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"> adalah tertahannya hubungan ginggiva dengan sebuah gigi atau kelompok gigi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">General<span style=""> </span>gingivitis</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"> meliputi seluruh mulut<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Marginal gingivitis</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"> meliputi tepi gingival tapi dapat termasuk bagian dari sebelah attached gingival.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\NIWADA~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Papillary gingivitis</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"> meliputi papilla interdental dan sering juga melebar kedalam bagian terdekat dari gingival margin. Papilla meliputi jumlah yang lebih besar dari gingival margin, dan tanda paling awal dari gingivitis paling sering terjadi pada papillae.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Diffuse gingivitis</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"> mengenai gingival margin, attached ginggiva, dan papilla interdental.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Distribusi penyakit gingival pada kasus individu dijelaskan melalui kombinasi dari masa<span style=""> </span>yang mendahului, seperti : <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\NIWADA~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; left: 0px; margin-left: 144px; margin-top: 45px; width: 120px; height: 81px;font-size:85%;" ><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/NIWADA%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="120" height="81" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Localized marginal gingivitis</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"> adalah tertahannya (terkurung) satu atau lebih area margin gingival<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Localized diffuse gingivitis</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"> meluas dari margin ke mukobukal fold tetapi masih terbatas dalam satu area.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\NIWADA~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: -4; left: 0px; margin-left: 132px; margin-top: 61px; width: 96px; height: 67px;font-size:85%;" ><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/NIWADA%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="96" height="67" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Localized pappilary gingivitis</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"> tertahannya satu atau lebih jarak interdental dalam batas area.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\NIWADA~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 4; left: 0px; margin-left: 108px; margin-top: 111px; width: 120px; height: 78px;font-size:85%;" ><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/NIWADA%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="120" height="78" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Generalized marginal gingivitis</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"> meliputi margin ginggiva dalam hubungannya dengan semua gigi. Papilla interdental biasanya juga terkena pada <i style="">generalized marginal gingivitis</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Generalized diffuse gingivitis</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"> meliputi seluruh gingiva. Mukosa alveolar dan attached gingival juga terkena, jadi mucoginggival junction kadang-kadang lenyap. Kondisi sistemik dapat terlibat dalam penyebab <i style="">generalized diffuse gingivitis</i> dan sebaiknya dievaluasi jika<span style=""> </span>dicurigai menjadi kofaktor dari etiologi.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">1.2.3 Tanda Klinis yang Ditemukan<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Pemeriksaan klinis secara sistematis menuntut sebuah pemeriksaan yang teratur pada ginggiva untuk warna, ukuran dan bentuk, konsistensi, tekstur permukaan, posisi, banyaknya perdarahan, dan nyeri. <b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">1.2.3.1 Perdarahan Gingiva Saat Probing <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Dua gejala paling awal dalam inflamasi gingival, yang mendahului ginggivitis, adalah peningkatan produksi cairan ginggiva dan perdarahan dari sulkus ginggiva.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Perdarahan ginggiva memiliki banyak variasi dalam tingkat keparahannya dan durasi. Perdarahan dalam pemeriksaan mudah dideteksi secara klinis dan oleh karena itu memiliki arti yang sangat besar dalam diagnosis awal dan pencegahan gingivitis yang lebih parah. Hal ini ditunjukkan pada perdarahan dalam pemeriksaan terlihat lebih awal daripada perubahan warna atau tanda visual lainnya dalam inflamasi, lebih jauh lagi, fungsi dari perdarahan dibandingkan perubahan warna untuk mendiagnosis inflamasi ginggiva awal lebih menguntungkan karena perdarahan merupakan tanda yang lebih objektif, diperlukan estimasi dengan kesubjektifan sekecil mungkin dari pemeriksa. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Pengukuran melalui pemeriksaan kedalaman poket<span style=""> </span>terbatas nilainya untuk menaksir luas dan tingkat keparahan gingivitis. Sebagai contoh, resesi gusi dapat mengakibatkan reduksi pada pemeriksaan kedalaman dan menyebabkan penaksiran yang tidak akurat pada dtatus periodontal. Oleh karena itu, perdarahan pada pemeriksaan lebih sering digunakan oleh petugas kesehatan dan epidemiologis untuk mengukur hasil akhir perawatan.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Pada dasarnya, perdarahan pada pemeriksaan mengindikasikan adanya lesi inflamatori pada epitel dan jaringan ikat yang memperlihatkan perbedaan histology yang spesifik dibandingkan dengan gingiva sehat. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.2.3.2<span style=""> </span>Pendarahan Gingiva Karena Faktor Lokal<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Faktor pendukung terjadinya gingivitis termasuk bentuk anatomis dan variasi perkembangan gigi, karies, <i style="">frenum pull</i>, factor iatrogenic, gigi yang malposisi, bernafas melalui mulut, overhang, gigi tiruan sebagian, ketiadaan attached gingival dan resesi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Pendarahan kronis dan berulang. </span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Penyebab pendarahan gingiva yang paling sering adalah inflamasi kronis. Pendarahan bersifat kronis atau dapat terulang kembali dan didukung oleh trauma mekanis seperti penyikatan gigi, atau karena menggigit makanan yang keras.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Pada inflamasi gingiva, dikuti dengan pendarahan gingiva yang abnormal, dilatasi kapiler serta penyempitan atau ulserasi dari epithelium sulculer. Karena kapiler menjadi lebih dekat ke permukaan, epithelium yang mengalami degenerasi menjadi kurang protektif, stimulus yang luar biasa dapat mengakibatkan pecahnya pembuluh darah kapiler dan pendarahan gingiva.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Hebat atau ringannya pendarahan tergantung dari intensitas inflamasi. Setelah pembuluh darah pecah, maka mekanismenya adalah hemostatis. Dinding pembuluh darah berkontraksi, platelet darah menempel pada pinggiran dan gumpalan fibrosa dihasilkan pada tepi daerah yg mengalami jejas. Pendarahan dapat terjadi lagi jika daerah tersebut teriritasi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Pada kasus periodontitis sedang dan lanjut, adanya pendarahan merupakan pertanda destruksi jaringan aktif. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span><b style="">Pendarahan akut</b>. Pendarahan gingiva akut dapat disebabkan oleh jejas atau terjadi dengan spontan pada penyakit gingival akut. Luka pada gingival yang diakibatkan oleh bulu sikat gigi selama penyikatan gigi yang terlalu keras atau oleh potongan tajam dari makanan keras, dapat menyebabkan pendarahan gingiva. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Pendarahan spontan atau pendarahan ringan dapat terjadi pada gingivitis ulseratif nekrotik. Pembuluh darah pada jaringan konektif inflamasi terekspose oleh ulserasi epithelium permukaan nekrotik.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.2.3.3<span style=""> </span>Pendarahan Gingiva yang Terkait Dengan Faktor Sistemik <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Pada beberapa gangguan sistemik, hemoragi gingiva terjadi dengan spontan, tidak didorong oleh iritasi mekanis, atau dapat juga terjadi setelah iritasi, berlebihan serta sulit untuk dikontrol. Penyakit hemoragi ini menunjukkan berbagai keadaan dengan berbagai penyebab serta manifestsi klinisnya. Beberapa kondisi mempunyai ciri umum, yaitu: pendarahan abnormal pada kulit, organ dalam, dan jaringan lain, seperti yang terjadi pada membran mukosa oral.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Gangguan hemoragi dimana terjadi pendarahan gingiva abnormal, ditemukan juga abnormalitas vascular, gangguan platelet, hipoprothrombinemia, dan efek koagulasi yang lainnya. Pendarahan dapat terjadi karena konsumsi obat yang mengandung salisilat dan antikoagulan seperti dicumarol dan heparin, dalam jumlah yang besar.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.2.3.4<span style=""> </span>Perubahan Warna Pada Gingiva<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Perubahan warna dari ginggivitis diperngaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, termasuk jumlah dan ukuran pembuluh darah, ketopisan epitelial, kuantitas dari keratinisasi dan pigmentasi dalam epitelium<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Perubahan warna pada gingivitis</span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">. Perubahan warna merupakan tanda klinis yang penting pada penyakit gingiva. Warna gingiva normal adalah pink dan diproduksi oleh pembuluh darah jaringan dan dimodifikasi oleh lapisan epithelium. Karena alasn inilah, gingiva menjadi lebih merah ketika ada peningkatan vaskularisasi atau karena keratinisasi epitelial berkurang atau tidak terlihat dan berlaku juga sebaliknya.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Dengan demikian, inflamasi kronis dapat meningkatan derajat kemerahan, ini akibat proliferasi vaskuler dan berkurangnya keratinisasi yang diakibatkan tekanan jaringan yang terinflamasi. Vena stasis akan menambahkan warna menjadi agak kebiruan, yang asalnya merah terang, warna tersebut berubah menjadi agak kebiruan dan biru gelap dengan peningkatan kekronisan dari proses inflamasi. Perubahan dimulai dari papila interdental, tepi gingival, dan juga attached gingiva. Diagnosis dan perawatan yang tepat memerlukan pemahaman perubahan jaringan yang merubah warna gusi pada tingkatan klinis.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Pada tepi gingiva akan terlihat kecil, bentuk seperti bulan sabit, dan berwarna merah. Hal tersebut akan terjadi pada satu waktu melengkapi trauma dari oklusi, tetapi sekarang telah diketahui bahwa lesi inflamasi kronis disebabkan oleh iritan lokal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Perubahan warna pada gingivitis akut.</span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"> Perubahan warna pada inflamasi gingiva akut dapat terjadi pada tepi, menyebar, atau berupa bintik-bintik tergantung pada kondisinya. Pada gingivitis ulcerative nekrotik akut, terjadi pada tepi; pada herpetic gingivostomatitis, terjadi menyebar; dan sebagai reaksi akut terhadap iritasi kimia , terjadi berupa bintik-bintik atau menyebar.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Perubahan warna sesuai dengan intensitas inflamasi. Pada semua hal, diawali dengan adanya erithema merah terang. Jika kondisinya tidak memburuk, maka hanya ada perubahan warna sampai gingiva kembali normal. Pada beberapa inflamasi akut, warna merah berubah menjadi abu-abu berkilau dan berangsur-angsur menjadi abu-abu agak keputihan. Warna abu-abu dihasilkan oleh nekrosis jaringan, dibatasi dengan perbatasan gingiva oleh daerah tipis sehingga menegaskan daerah erithema.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Pigmentasi metalik. </span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Logam berat yang terserap secara sistemik melalui penggunaan obat maupun lingkungan pekerjaan, dapat mewarnai gingiva dan daerah lain pada mukosa oral. Ini berbeda dengan yang dihasilkan saat melekatkan amalgam atau logam lain.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Bismuth, arsenic, dan mercury menghasilkan garis hitam pada gingiva yang mengikuti garis luar tepi. Pigmentasi dapat juga terlihat seperti bintik hitam pada tepi, interdental, dan attached gingiva. Warna lebam dihasilkan pada pigmentasi garis tepi gingiva berwarna merah atau biru gelap. Terpapar oleh perak dapat mrngakibatkan garis tepi berwarna ungu, sering juga diikuti dengan warna abu-abu yang meyebar di mukosa oral. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span><span style="color:black;">Pigmentasi gingiva yang berasal dari penyerapan logam secara sistemik dihasilkan dari presipitasi perivaskular pada logam sulfida dalam jaringan penghubung epithelial</span><span style="color:red;">. </span>Pigmentasi gingiva bukanlah merupakan hasil keracunan sistemik. Hal ini hanya terjadi pada daerah inflamasi, dimana peningkatan permeabelitas pembuluh darah yang mengalami iritasi membuat jaringan disekitarnya menjadi terpapar logam juga. Tambahan untuk inflamasi gingiva, mukosa oral teriritasi karena gigitan atau kebiasaan mengunyah yang abnormal merupakan daerah yang umum terjadi pigmentasi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Pigmentasi gingiva atau mukosa dapat dihilangkan dengan menyingkirkan faktor iritasi lokal dan memelihara jaringan sehat, beberapa obat yang mengandung logam yang dibutuhkan untuk tujuan penyembuhan, tidak perlu dihentikan. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.2.3.5<span style=""> </span>Perubahan Warna Terkait Dengan Faktor Sistemik<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Beberapa penyakit sistemik dapat menyebabkan perubahan warna pada mukosa oral, termasuk gingiva. Pada umumnya, pigmentasi abnormal ini tidak bersifat spesifik dan harus distimulasi oleh upaya diagnostik yang lebih jauh atau dengan penyerahan pada spesialis yang tepat. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Pigmentasi oral dapat terjadi karena melanin dan bilirubin. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IT">Pigmentasi oral melanin dapat menjadi pigmentasi fisiologi normal. Penyakit yang dapat meningkatkan pigmentasi melanin, termasuk penyakit Addison yang disebabkan oleh disfungsi adrenal dan memproduksi potongan-potongan pewarna yang merubah dari hitam menjadi cokelat; sindrom peutz-jeghers yang memproduksi poliposis intestinal dan pigmentasi melanin pada muosa oral dan bibir; dan sindrom albright’s serta penyakit von Recklinghausen, yang keduanya memproduksi daerah pigmentasi melanin oral. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IT"><span style=""> </span>Kulit dan membran mukosa dapat di nodai oleh pigmen empedu. Penyakit kuning dapat dideteksi paling baik dengan pemeriksan <i style="">sclera</i>, tetapi di mukosa oral dapat ditemukan warna kekuning-kuningan.<span style=""> </span>Deposisi zat besi pada hemokromatosis dapat memproduksi warna abu-abu kehijauan pada mukosa oral. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Beberapa endokrin dan kekacauan proses metabolisme, termasuk diabetes dan kehamilan, dapat menghasikan perubahan warna. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Rokok dapat menyebabkan hiperkeratosis abu-abu pada gingiva. Daerah berwarna hitam biasanya dhasilkan dari implan amalgam pada mukosa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.2.3.6 Perubahan konsistensi gingiva<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Inflamasi kronis dan akut, keduanya menghasilkan perubahan pada konsistensi normal gingiva Sebagai catatan, pada gingivitis kronis destruktif (edematous) dan reparatif (fibrotik), secara bersama-sama dapat mengubah konsistensi gingiva, dan konsistensi ini ditentukan oleh predominan relatifnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Proses kalsifikasi di gingiva<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Proses kalsifikasi secara mikroskopik dapat ditemukan di gingiva. Proses ini dapat terjadi sendiri-sendiri atau berkelompok, dengan berbagai ukuran, lokasi, bentuk, dan struktur. Beberapa massa dapat terkalsifikasi dari gigi dan berpindah ke gingiva selama proses pengeboran, seperti sisa akar, potongan sementum, atau sementikel. Inflamasi kronis dan fibrosis dan terkadang aktivitas <i style="">foreign body giant cell</i> terjadi dalam hubungannya dengan massa ini. Terkadang mereka menyelubungi matriks seperti osteoid. Crystalline foreign bodies juga terdapat di gingiva namun asalnya belum dapat ditentukan. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.2.3.7 Perubahan Tekstur Permukaan Gingiva<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Permukaan dari gusi normal umumnya menunjukkan banyak depresi dan elevasi kecil,<span style=""> </span>yang memberikan gambaran seperti kulit jeruk yang biasa disebut <i style="">stippling.</i> Stippling ini terbatas hanya pada bagian attached ginggiva dan secara dominan dibatasi pada area sub papilari, tetapi ini akan memperluas ke tingkatan papila interdental. Banyak penelitian yang menunjukkan bahwa semakin tipisnya atau kehilangannya stippling ini merupakan sebuah tanda tanda gejala ginggivitis dini. Tetapi ini harus di sesuaikan pula dengan perbedaan area mulut seseorang, dan umur seseorang.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Dalam inflamasi kronik permukaan pada gusi juga serupa halusnya, mengkilap, padat dan bernodul, tergantung apakah perubahan dominan nya ber eksudat atau berfibrosis. Tekstur permukaan halus juga dihasilkan oleh atropi epitel dalam atropi gusi, dan kupasan kulit pada permukaan terjadi dalam ginggivitis desquamative kronis. Hiperkeratosis dihasilkan pada susunan kulit, dan non-inflamasi hperplasia gingival menghasilkan permukaan nodular <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <h1><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">1.2.3.8 Perubahan Posisi Gingiva<o:p></o:p></span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">Traumatic Lesion. </span></i></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan penyakit gingiva adalah ketidaksadaran akan plak yang menyebabkan lesi sebagai kondisi yang jelas pada trauma gingiva. Pada lesi traumatic, faktor chemical, physical, atau termal dapat menyebabkan lesi pada mulut. <i style="">Chemical injuries</i> diantaranya aspirin, hidrogen peroxida, silver nitrat, phenol, dan material endodontik. <i style="">Physical injuries</i> bisa meliputi<span style=""> </span>bibir, oral, dan <i style="">tounge piercing</i>, yang bisa menyebabkan resesi gingiva. <i style="">Thermal injuries</i> bisa dihasilkan dari makanan dan minuman panas. Pada kasus akut, timbul <i style="">slough (necrotizing ephitelium), </i>erosi, ulserasi, dan disertai dengan eritem. Pada kasus kronik, kerusakan permanen pada gingiva biasanya berbentuk resesi gingiva. Biasanya, lesi terbatas pada suatu tempat dan kurangnya gejala-gejala pada kondisi sistemik yang mungkin<span style=""> </span>memperlihatkan erosi atau ulserasi lesi oral. <b style=""><i style=""><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">Gingival Recession. </span></i></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Resesi merupakan terlihatnya permukaan akar dengan bagian apex pada posisi gingiva. Untuk memahami apa yang dimaksud dengan resesi, salah satunya dengan membedakan antara posisi gingiva yang sebenarnya dengan posisi yang terlihat. Posisi sebenarnya adalah bagian di mana terdapat pelekatan epitel pada gigi, sedangkan posisi yang terlihat adalah bagian puncak batas gingiva. Tingkat kekerasan resesi ditentukan dengan adanya posisi yang sebenarnya, bukan posisi yang terlihat.<b style=""><i style=""><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Terdapat dua jenis resesi: <i style="">Visible</i>, yang secara klinis bisa terlihat, dan <i style="">Hidden </i>(tersembunyi), yang tertutupi oleh gingiva dan hanya bisa diukur dengan memasukkan sebuah alat<span style=""> </span>pada bagian yang berepitel. Sebagai contoh, penyakit periodontal pada akar yang tertutup oleh dinding pocket yang inflamasi; dengan demikian beberapa dari resesi ini tersembunyi, dan beberapa diantaranya terlihat. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI">Resesi merujuk pada lokasi gingiva, bukan pada kondisinya. Gingiva yang menyusut selalu </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">mengalami inflamasi, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI">tapi mungkin normal, kecuali untuk posisinya</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">. Resesi bisa terdapat pada salah satu gigi atau suatu kelompok gigi atau dapat secara umum pada keseluruhan mulut.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">Etiologi Resesi</span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">. Resesi gingiva meningkat seiring usia; peristiwa ini bervariasi dari 8% pada anak-anak sampai 100% setelah usia 50 tahun. Hal ini membuat beberapa peneliti berasumsi bahwa resesi merupakan sebuah proses fisiologis yang berkaitan dengan usia. Namun, bukti yang meyakinkan untuk bagian physiologic pada perlekatan gingiva tidak pernah ada. Pergantian bagian apikal sedikit demi sedikit mungkin akan menghasilkan efek kumulatif keterlibatan dari patologik ringan dan/atau trauma langsung minor berulang pada gingiva. Pada beberapa populasi tanpa fasilitas dental care, bagaimanapun resesi mungkin menyebakan meningkatnya penyakit periodontal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Faktor-faktor berikut ini memiliki implikasi pada etiologi resesi gingival : teknik menyikat gigi yang salah (abrasi gingiva), malposisi gigi, pergeseran dari jaringan lunak (ablasi gingiva), peradangan gingiva, pelekatan frenum yang abnormal, dan iatrogenic dentistry. Trauma oklusi juga telah diungkapkan, tapi mekanisme dari tindakan ini tidak pernah ditunjukkan. Sebagai contoh, deep overbite berhubungan dengan inflamasi gingiva dan resesi. Incisal overlap yang berlebihan dapat menyebakan traumatic injury pada gingiva. Pergerakan orthodontik pada arah yang berhubungan dengan bibir telah ditunjukkan pada monyet yang menghasilkan hilangnya tulang marginal dan pelekatan jaringan ikat, sebagaimana dengan resesi gingiva.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Standar prosedur kebersihan mulut, diantaranya menyikat gigi dan <i style="">flossing, </i>yang dapat meminimalisir gingival injury. Walaupun menyikat gigi sangat penting untuk kesehatan gingiva, menyikat gigi dengan teknik yang salah atau menyikat terlalu keras bisa menyebabkan injury. Tipe dari injury ini diantaranya, laserasi, abrasi, keratosis, dan resesi, dengan bagian marginal gingiva yang sering terjangkit. Maka, pada kasus ini, resesi cenderung jarang pada pasien dengan gingiva yang sehat secara klinis, sedikit bakteri plak, dan kebersihan mulut yang baik.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Kerentanan pada resesi dipengaruhi oleh posisi gigi pada bagian lengkungan, sudut tulang akar, dan lengkungan mesiodistal pada permukaan gigi. Pada arah berputar, miring atau gigi yang digantikan yang berhubungan dengan muka, pelat tulang bisa menipis atau berkurang secara berat. Tekanan dari kunyahan atau menyikat gigi secara<span style=""> </span>bisa menjauhkan gingiva yang tidak mendukung dan menghasilkan resesi. Efek dari sudut akar pada tulang dalam resesi selalu diamati dengan adanya wilayah geraham maxillary. Jika inklinasi lingual dari palatal root menonjol atau akar buccal melebar, maka tulang pada wilayah servikal akan menipis atau memendek, dan resesi dihasilkan dari trauma pada marginal gingiva yang tipis.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Kesehatan jaringan gingiva juga bergantung pada design dan penempatan material restorasi yang baik. Tekanan dari seluruh bagian gigi buatan yang tidak bagus dapat menyebabkan trauma gingiva dan resesi. Restorasi dental yang <i style="">overhanging</i> dapat menjadi faktor gingivitis karena menyebabkan retensi plak. Secara klinis, kesalahan dalam menentukan ukuran secara biologis, dapat bermanifestasi sebagai inflamasi gingiva, periodontal pocket yang dalam, atau resesi gingiva.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">Signifikansi Klinis.</span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"> Beberapa aspek resesi gingiva membuatnya signifikan secara klinis. Permukaan akar yang terlihat akan rentan terhadap karies. Pemakaian cementum yang terlihat oleh resesi meninggalkan permukaan dentinal dasar yang sangat sensitif, terutama saat disentuh. Hiperemi pada pulpa dan gejala yang berkaitan juga bisa dihasilkan dari permukaan akar yang terlihat. Resesi interproksimal menciptakan ruang di mana plak, makanan, dan bakteri bisa berakumulasi. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <h1><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">1.2.3.9 Perubahan Kontur Gingiva<o:p></o:p></span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Perubahan pada kontur gingiva untuk sebagian besar bagian berkaitan dengan pembesaran gingiva, tapi beberapa perubahan demikian juga muncul dalam kondisi lain.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">Stillman’s clefts </span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">merupakan lekukan berbentuk apostrof yang meluas sampai ke batas gingiva dengan berbagai ukuran. Celah ini secara umum muncul pada seluruh permukaan. Satu atau dua mungkin muncul berhubungan dengan gigi tunggal. Batas dari celah ini berputar di bagian bawah celah linear pada gingiva dan sisa batas gingiva bersifat kasar bahkan berbatas pisau. Secara umum digambarkan oleh Stillman dan dianggap sebagai hasil dari trauma occlusal, celah ini berikutnya digambarkan oleh Box sebagai sebuah kantung patologis di mana proses ulcerative meluas pada permukaan wajah gingiva. celah bisa diperbaiki secara spontan atau berlangsung lama seperti halnya luka permukaan pada kantung periodontal bagian dalam yang masuk pada jaringan pendukung. Asosiasi dengan trauma oklusi ini tidaklah kuat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Celah dibagi menjadi <i style="">celah sederhana</i>, di mana pembelahan terbentuk dengan arah tunggal (sebagian besar jenis), dan <i style="">celah komponen</i>, di mana pembelahan terjadi lebih dari satu arah. Celah memiliki panjang yang bervariasi dari yang sedikit pada batas gingiva sampai ke kedalaman 5 sampai 6 mm sampai lebih.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">McCall’s Festoons </span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">adalah terbentuk dari pembesaran gingiva marginal yang sering terbentuk pada gigi caninus dan premolar pada permukaan wajah. Pada tahap awal, warna dan konsistensi gingiva bersifat normal. Namun, akumulasi dari debris makanan akan mengakibatkan inflamasi sekunder.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">1.3<span style=""> </span>Pembesaran Gingiva<o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Pembesaran gingiva merupakan sebuah sifat penyakit gingiva yang umum. Begitu banyak jenis pembesaran gingiva, dan jenis ini bervariasi berdasarkan faktor etiologis dan proses patologik yang menghasilkan pembesaran tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <h1><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></span></h1> <h1><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">1.3.1<span style=""> </span>Pembesaran Gingiva Kareba Inflamasi<o:p></o:p></span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Pembesaran gingiva bisa dihasilkan dari perubahan inflamasi kronis atau akut. Perubahan kronis lebih banyak terjadi. Pembesaran inflamasi biasanya adalah komplikasi sekunder dari banyak tipe-tipe pembesaran, dan dikombinasikan dengan oembesaran gingiva.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">1.3.1.1 Pembesaran inflamasi Kronis.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">Gambaran Klinis. </span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Pembesaran gingiva radang kronis berasal dari pembengkakan kecil pada papilla interdental atau gingiva marginal. Pada tahap awal, menghasilkan<span style=""> </span>penonjolan di sekeliling<span style=""> </span>gigi yang terlibat. Tonjolan ini meningkat dalam ukuran sampai menutupi bagian dari mahkota. Pembesaran ini secara umum bersifat papillary atau marginal dan terlokalisasi atau bersifat umum. Perkembangannya sangat lambat dan tanpa sakit kecuali ditambah dengan infeksi atau trauma yang akut.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Pembesaran radang gingiva yang kronis sebagai sebuah <i style="">sessile</i> yang berbeda sendiri atau massa <i style="">pedunculated</i> yang menyerupai tumor. Pembesaran ini mungkin terdapat pada interpoximal atau gingiva marginal atau perlekatan gingiva. Luka ini lambat untuk tumbuh dan biasanya tanpa rasa nyeri. Pembesaran bisa secara spontan berkurang dalam ukuran, diikuti dengan pembusukan dan kemudian membesar kembali. Pembusukan dengan rasa sakit kadang-kadang terjadi pada lipatan di antara massa dan batasan gingiva.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">Histopatologi. </span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Pembesaran gingiva radang kronis menunjukkan sifat eksudatif dan proliferatif pada peradangan kronis. Luka yang secara klinis berwarna merah gelap atau merah kebiru-biruan, bersifat lunak dan rapuh dengan permukaan berkilauan yang lembut, dan mudah berdarah yang memiliki sel radang yang melimpah dan mengalir dengan penelanan pembuluh darah, dan berkaitan dengan perubahan degeneratif. Luka yang relatif keras, <i style="">leathery</i>, dan berwarna merah muda memiliki komponen serat yang lebih besar, dengan melimpahnya fibroblast dan serat kolagen.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Etiologi</span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">. Pembesaran gingiva radang kronis disebabkan oleh terpaan yang berlangsung lama pada plak gigi. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi akumulasi dan penyimpanan plak termasuk kesehatan mulut yang rendah, hubungan yang tidak normal </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">pada </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">gigi </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">yang bersebelahan</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"> dan gigi yang berseberangan, hilangnya fungsi gigi, lubang pada tekuk gigi, batas yang sangat renggang pada restorasi gigi, restorasi gigi berkontur tidak baik atau pontic, iritasi dari jepitan atau wilayah </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">saddles</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"> dari prost</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">esa</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"> yang terkelupas, gangguan suara sengau, terapi orthodontik yang melibatkan reposisi pada gigi, dan kebiasaan seperti menyikat gigi dan penekanan lidah melawan gingiva.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><i><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Perubahan Gingiva yang berkaitan dengan Pernapasan Mulut.</span></i></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"> Pembesaran gingiva dan radang gingiva selalu tampak pada mereka yang bernapas menggunakan mulut. Gingiva terlihat merah dan edematous, dengan sebuah permukaan yang tersebar mengkilat pada wilayah permukaan. Wilayah anterior maxillary merupakan lokasi umum dari perubahan gingiva ini. Pada banyak kasus gingiva yang berubah ini secara jelas dibatasi dari gingiva normal tak terekspos yang berdekatan. Cara yang pasti di mana pernapasan mulut mempengaruhi perubahan gingiva tidak dapat ditunjukkan. Efek yang merusak secara umum ditambahkan dari iritasi dari dehidrasi permukaan. Namun, perubahan yang dapat dipertimbangkan tidak dapat dihasilkan dari pengeringan udara pada gingiva dalam percobaan menggunakan hewan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <h1><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">1.3.1.2<span style=""> </span>Pembesaran Peradangan Akut<o:p></o:p></span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Abses Gingiva. Abses gingiva biasanya berlokasi di tempat tertentu, nyeri, luka yang menyebar dengan cepat yang biasanya terserang secara mendadak. Secara umum dibatasi pada gingiva marginal atau papilla interdental. Pada tahap awal muncul dengan pembengkakan berwarna merah dengan permukaan berkilauan yang lembut.<span style=""> </span>Dalam waktu 24 jam sampai 48 jam,<span style=""> </span>luka biasanya menjadi berubah-ubah dan berpusat dengan lubang permukaan dari mana eksudat bernanah bisa terlihat. Gigi yang berdekatan selalu sensitif. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Histopatologis</span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">. Abses gingiva terdiri dari pusat bernanah pada jaringan konektif d</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">i</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">keliling</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">i</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"> sebuah infiltrasi memanjang pada leukosit poli-morfon-nuklear, jaringan edematous, dan penelanan jaringan pembuluh darah. Epitel permukaan memiliki tingkat yang bervariasi pada edema intra dan ekstra-sel, serangan leukosit dan pemborokan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Etiologi</span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">. Pembesaran gingiva radang akut dihasilkan dari bakteri yang masuk ke dalam jaringan ketika substansi asing seperti bulu sikat gigi, biji apel atau pecahan kulit lobster secara kuat menempel pada gingiva. Luka in</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">i terbatas pada </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">gingiva dan sebaiknya jangan dibingungkan dengan periodontal atau abses </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">lateral</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.4<span style=""> </span>Infeksi Gingiva Akut <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.4.1<span style=""> </span>Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Dikenal juga sebagai Vincent’s Gingivitis pada awal pertengahan abad 20.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.4.1.1<span style=""> </span>Etiologi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">1. Peran bakteri<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Plaut dan Vincent memperkenalkan konsep bahwa NUG disebabkan oleh bakteri spesifik: fusiform bacillus dan organisme spirochetal. Rosebury dan teman-teman menjelaskan fusospirochetal complex terdiri dari <i style="">T. microdentium</i>, intermediate spirochetes, vibrios, fusiform basilus, dan organisme berfilamen, sebagai tambahan pada spesies <i style="">Borrelia</i>. Loesche dan teman-teman menjelaskan sebuah flora konstan predominan dan berbagai macam flora berhubungan dengan NUG. Flora konstan terdiri dari : <i style="">Prevotella intermedia, </i><span style=""> </span><i style="">Fusobacterium, Treponema, </i>dan spesies <i style="">Selenomonas. </i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">2. Peran Respon Host<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Imunodefisiensi bisa berhubungan dengan berbagai tingkatan kekurangan nutrisi, kelelahan akibat kehilangan tidur kronis, kebiasaan kesehatan lain (alkohol dan narkoba), faktor psikososial, atau penyakit sistemik. NUG bisa saja menjadi gejala pada pasien dengan infeksi HIV.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">3. Faktor Predisposisi Lokal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Preexisting gingivitis</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">, luka pada gingival, dan merokok adalah faktor predisposisi yang penting. NUG sering muncul melapiskan penyakit <i style="">preexisting gingival kronis</i> dan poket periodontal. Periodontal poket yang dalam dan tutup perikoronal adalah area yang rentan karena menyediakan tempat yang nyaman untuk proliferasi bakteri anaerob basilus fusiformis dan spirochetes. Area gingival yang terkena trauma akibat gigi lawan pada maloklusi, seperti permukaan palatal dibelakang incisor maksilaris dan permukaan labial gingival pada incisor mandibula, bisa menjadi faktor predisposisi NUG.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">4. Faktor Predisposisi Sistemik<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Defisiensi nutrisi. Peneliti menemukan bakteri fusospirochetal sebagai bakteri oportunis, hanya berproliferasi jika jaringan mengalami defisiensi. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Penyakit sistemik yang melemahkan bisa menjadi faktor predisposisi NUG. Seperti penyakit kronis (sifilis, kanker), ganguan GI parah (ulseratif kolitis), <i style="">blood dyscrasias</i> (leukemia, anemia), dan HIV.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">5.<span style=""> </span>Faktor Psikosomatik<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Penyakit ini sering dihubungkan dengan stress. Gangguan psikologis, dan juga kenaikan sekresi adrenokortikal adalah umum pada pasien dengan penyakit ini. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.4.1.2<span style=""> </span>Ciri Klinis<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Biasanya muncul dalam bentuk akut. Relatif ringan dan bentuk persistenya adalah penyakit subakut. Penyakit rekuren ditandai dengan periode remisi dan eksaserbasi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">ANUG dicirikan dengan serangan tiba-tiba (<i style="">sudden onset</i>), terkadang diikuti oleh penyakit yang parah atau infeksi akut traktus respiratorius. Perubahan kebiasaan hidup, kerja yang berkepanjangan tanpa istirahat yang cukup, penggunaan tobacco, dan stres psikologi adalah ciri yang sering dialami penderita.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Oral Signs</span></i></b><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">. </span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Ciri lesi adalah punch out, depresi seperti kawah pada puncak papilla interdental, sesudahnya memperpanjang ke marginal gingival dan jarang menempel pada gingival dan mukosa oral. Permukaan kawah gingival ditutupi oleh pseudomembran keabuan membuat garis demarkasi rawa dari remainder gingival mukosa oleh pronounced linear erythema (Plate IXA). Dalam beberapa contoh, lesi menggundulkan permukaan pseudomembran, membuka margin gingival, yang berwarna merah, berkilauan, dan hemoragi. Karakteristik lesi adalah cepat menghancurkan gingival dan menggarisi jaringan periodontal (Plate IXB).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:108pt;height:69.75pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\NIWADA~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.jpg" title="Anug"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/NIWADA%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="144" height="93" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Gejala Oral. </span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Lesi sangat sensitif jika dipegang, dan pasien mengeluh pada radiating konstan, menggerogoti rasa sakit yang diperhebat oleh makanan panas atau pedas dan mengunyah. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Ada rasa metalik palsu, dan pasien sadar akan jumlah yang berlebihan dari saliva yang pucat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Ekstraoral dan Tanda Sistemik dan Simptom. </span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Pasien biasanya bisa berjalan dan mempunyai komplikasi yang minimum. Lokal lymphadenopati dan kenaikan temperatur adalah ciri umum dari tahap ringan dan sedang penyakit ini. Pada kasus yang parah, ada tanda komplikasi sistemik seperti demam tinggi, kenaikan denyut jantung, leukositisis, kehilangan nafsu makan, kelemahan umum. Reaksi sistemik lebih bahaya pada anak-anak. Insomnia, konstipasi, gangguan GI, sakit kepala, dan depresi mental terkadang mengikuti kondisi ini.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Clinical Course. </span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Clinical course bisa bervariasi. Jika tidak dirawat, NUG biga menjadi NUP dengan destruksi yang progresif pada periodontium dan resesi gingival, diikuti dengan penambahan keparahan pada komplikasi sistemik.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Pindborg dan teman-teman, telah menjelaskan proses ini pada NUG : (1) erosi hanya pada ujung interdental papilla; (2) lesi yang berlanjut ke marginal gingival dan menyebabkan erosi lanjutan pada papilla dan berpotensi menghilangkan seluruh papilla; (3) attached gingiva juga terpengaruh; dan (4) pembukaan tulang.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Horning dan Cohen memperpanjang tahap dari penyakit oral necrotizing seperti dibawah ini :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Tahap 1 : Necrosis pada ujung interdental papilla<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Tahap 2 : Nekrosis seluruh bagian paila (19%)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Tahap 3 : Nekrosis berlanjut ke marginal gingival (21%)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Tahap 4 : Nekrosis juga berlanjut ke attached gingival (1%)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Tahap 5 : Nekrosis berlanjut ke mukosa bukal atau mukosa labial (6%)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Tahap 6 : Nekrosis membongkar tulang alveolar (1%)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI">Tahap 7 : Nekrosis melobangi kulit pipi (0%) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI">Menurut Horning dan Coben, tahap 1 adalah NUG, tahap dua bisa NUG dan NUP karena kehilangan attachment juga bias terjadi, tahap 3 dan 4 cocok dengan NUP, tahap 5 dan 6 adalah necrotizing stomatitis, dan tahap 7 adalah noma.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="FI">Histopatologi. </span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI">Secara miskrokopis, lesi muncul sebagai inflamasi akut necrotizing pada margin gingival menyertakan<span style=""> </span><i style="">stratified squamous epithelium</i> dan <i style="">underlying connective tissue</i>. Permukaan epithelium dihancurkan dan diganti dengan <i style="">pseudomembranousmeshwork fibrin</i>, <i style="">sel nekrotik epithelial</i>, <i style="">polimorfonuklear leukosit</i> (PMNs dan neutrofil), dan berbagai tipe mikroorganisme. Ini adalah zona yang terlihat secara klinis pada permukaan pseudomembran. Jaringan pengikat yang mendasari ditandai dengan hiperemi, dengan banyak kapiler tertelan dan infiltrasi yang bnayak dari PMNs. Zona ini muncul sebagai linear eritem dibawah permukaan pseudomembran. Banyak sel plasma akan muncul disekeliling infiltrasi; ini diinterpretasikan sebagai daerah terbentuknya marginal gingivitis dimana lesi akut menjadi superimposed.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.4.1.3<span style=""> </span>Diagnosis<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Diagnosis berdasarkan penemuan klinis. Smear bakteri digunakan untuk menguatkan diagnosis klinis. Uji mikroskopis dari biopsi spesimen tidak cukup spesifik untuk didiagnosi. Bisa digunakan untuk membedakan ANUG dari infeksi spesifik seperti TBC, namun tidak untuk ANUG dari kondisi akut necrotizing yang lain seperti yang terjadi akibat trauma atau obat escharotics.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.4.1.4<span style=""> </span>Diagnosis Banding<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"> harus dibedakan dari kondisi lain yang mirip denganya seperti akut herpetik gingivostomatitis, kronik periodontal poket, desquamatif gingivitis, streptococcal gingivostomatitis, aphtous stomatitis, gonococcal gingivostomatitis, difteri dan lesi sifilis, lesi gingival tuberkulosa, candidiasis, agranulositosis, dermatosa (pemfigus, eritema multiforme, dan lichen planus), dan stomatitis venenata.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Streptococcal gingivostomatitis suatu kondisi yang jarang terjadi akibat eritema yang lama pada area posterior mukosa mulut, terkadang termasuk gingival. Nekrosis margin gingival bukan akibat penyakit ini, dan tidak ada fetid odor. Smear bakteri menunjukkan jumlah yang banyak pada bentuk streptococcus, dimana jika dikultur terdapat <i style="">Streptococcus viridians</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Gonococcal stomatitis jarang dan disebabkan oleh Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Mukosa oral ditutupi oleh membrane keabuan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Agranulositsis mempunyai ciri adanya ulserasi dan nekrosis dari gingival yang memperlihatkan ANUG. Kondisi oral pada agranulositosis umumnya necrotizing karena kekurangan mekanisme pertahanan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Vincent’s Angina adalah infeksi fusospirosetal pada orofaring dan tenggorokan. Pada Vincent’s Angina, terdapat ulserasi membrane yang sakit pada tenggorokan, dengan edema dan hyperemic patches pecah untuk membentuk ulser yang ditutupi material pseudomembran. Prosesnya bisa berlanjut ke laring dan telinga tengah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.4.1.5<span style=""> </span>Epidemiologi dan Prevalensi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IT">Prevalensi ANUG muncul lebih rendah di United state dan Eropa sebelum 1914. Pada sebuah studi di sebuah klinik dental di Prague, Republik Ceko, insidensi ANUG dilaporkan 0,08 % pada pasien usia 15-19 tahun; 0,05 % pada usia 20-24 tahun, dan 0,02 % pada usia 25-29 tahun. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IT">ANUG terjadi pada semua usia, dimana insedensi yang banyak dilaporkan pada usia 20-30 tahun dan 15-20 tahun. Tidak ditemukan pada anak-anak di United State, Kanada, dan Eropa, tapi ditemukan pada kelompok anak dengan sosial-ekonomi yang lemah di Negara yang masih terbelakang. Di India, dari hasil studi di dapat bahwa 54-58 % pasien adalah anak usia kurang dari 10 tahun. Di sekolah yang dipilih secara acak di Nigeria, ANUG terjadi 11,3 % pada anak-anak usia 2-6 tahun, dan di rumah sakit di Nigeria mencapai 23 % pasien usia kurang dari 10 tahun. Dilaporkan umumnya terjadi pada kelompok keluarga yang memiliki sosial-ekonomi lemah. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">ANUG lebih banyak terjadi pada anak-anak dengan Down Syndrome. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.4.1.6<span style=""> </span>Penularan<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Istilah penularan merupakan kemampuan untuk memelihara penularan dengan cara alami. Contoh : kontak langsung melalui air minum, makanan, alat makan, udara, atau vektor arthropoda. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">ANUG sering terjadi pada kelompok orang yang menggunakan dapur bersama, penyakit ini ditularkan oleh bakteri melalui peralatan makan. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.4.1.7<span style=""> </span>Terapi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><u><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="FI">Perawatan Lokal<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI">Identifikasi faktor-faktor predisposisi seperti stres, malnutrisi, berbagai penyakit sistemik seperti <i>measles </i><span style=""> </span>dan hepatitis<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span></i></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Menghilangkan faktor-faktor iritasi lokal seperti plak dan kalkulus serta pembersihan jaringan nekrotik. <i>Scaling</i> dan<i> debridement</i> diikuti dengan penggunaan obat kumur seperti 0,5% <i>hydrogen peroxide atau 0,1% chlorhexidine.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Lesi ANUG memberikan respon baik terhadap perawatan lokal dalam waktu 48 jam.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><u><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Perawatan Sistemik<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Penicilline atau tetracyline 250 sampai 500mg diberikan 4 kali sehari selama 5 hari.<i> Metronidazole </i>tablet 200 mg diberikan pada pasien yang alergi terhadap penicilline dengan dosis 3 kli sehari untuk 3 – 5 hari.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.4.2<span style=""> </span>Gingivostomatitis Herpetik Akut<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"> adalah infeksi primer yang terjadi pada kavitas oral.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.4.2.1<span style=""> </span>Etiologi <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh herpes simplex virus (HSV) tipe I. ini banyak terjadi pada bayi dan anak usia kurang dari 6 tahun, tapi ini juga terlihat pada anak remaja dan orang dewasa. Ini terjadi sebanding antara pria dan wanita. Pada kebanyakan orang infeksi primer ini bersifat asimptomatik.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Setelah infeksi primer, virus masuk ke saraf sensorik atau autonom dan terus berlangsung di neuronal ganglia yang menginervasi tempat selama HSV tersembunyi. Manifestasi sekunder ini termasuk herpes labialis berulang, <i style="">herpes genitalis, ocular herpes, dan herpes encephalitis. <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.4.2.2<span style=""> </span>Ciri Klinis<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span><b><i>Oral signs</i></b><i>. </i><i style="">Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis</i> tampak seperti difus, erithema, licin pada gingival dan mukosa oral yang berdekatan, dengan derajat edema dan pendarahan gingival yang bermacam-macam. Pada tahap inisial, ini digolongkan melalui kehadirannya yang memiliki ciri tersendiri, vesikel spherical yang keabuan, yang terjadi pada gingival, mukosa labial dan buccal, <i style="">soft palate</i>, faring, mukosa sublingual, dan lidah. Setelah kira-kira 24 jam, vesikel akan pecah dan berbentuk ulser kecil yang sangat sakit disertai merah, tinggi, lingkaran seperti garis dengan bagian tengah muram berwarna kekuning-kuningan atau putih keabuan. Ini terjadi secara luas dalam area yang terpisah atau kelompok-kelompok kecil yang bertemu. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI">Rangkaian penyakit ini terjadi selama 7-10 hari. Difus gingival erythema dan edema yang muncul lebih dulu pada penyakit ini bertahan selama beberapa hari setelah lesi ulseratif dihilangkan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI"><span style=""> </span><b><i>Oral symptoms. </i></b>Penyakit ini disertai rasa sakit dari kavitas oral yang menganggu proses makan dan minum. Vesikel yang pecah merupakan bagian focal yang sakit dan pada umumnya sensitif terhadap sentuhan, perubahan panas, makanan seperti bumbu atau rempah-rempah dan jus buah, dan aksi dari makanan kasar.<span style=""> </span><b><i>Tanda dan gejala sistemik dan intraoral. </i></b>Servikal adenitis, demam tinggi antara 101°F sampai 105°F (38,3°-40,6° C), dan biasanya terjadi malaise. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI"><span style=""> </span><b><i>Histopatologi. </i></b>Ciri tersendiri dari ulserasi herpetik gingivostomatitis bahwa hasil dari ruptur vesikel yang memiliki bagian sentral dari inflamasi akut, dengan ulserasi dan tingkat purulent eksudat yang bervariasi. Sitoplasma sel tampak mencair dan bersih, membran sel dan nukleus berada di luar relief. Selanjutnya nukleus berdegenerasi, kehilangan daya tarik-menarik terhadap zat warna, dan akhirnya disintegrasi.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.4.2.3<span style=""> </span>Diagnosis <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Diagnosis biasanya ditentukan dari sejarah pasien dan penemuan klinis. Bahan mungkin didapatkan dari lesi dan diserahkan ke laboratorium untuk tes penegasan, termasuk kultur virus dan tes immunologik menggunakan antibodi monoklonal atau teknik hibridisasi DNA. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">1.4.2.4<span style=""> </span>Penularan <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span><i style="">Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis</i> merupakan penyakit menular. Umumnya pada orang dewasa ditemukan kekebalan terhadap HSV sebagai hasil dari infeksi selama masa kanak-kanak. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;">1.4.2.5<span style=""> </span>Terapi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" >Penanggulangan untuk oral<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" ><span style=""> </span>~ Self Limiting<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" ><span style=""> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="PT-BR">~ Obat-obat pasta oral (Orabase)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="PT-BR"><span style=""> </span>- Melindungi ulkus<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="PT-BR">- Kenalog<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="PT-BR"><span style=""> </span>- Teejel, solcoseryl<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="PT-BR">- Pemakaian azyclofir<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="PT-BR"><span style=""> </span>~ Mouth Wash<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="PT-BR"><span style=""> </span><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="PT-BR"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="PT-BR">1.4.3<span style=""> </span>Perikoronitis<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="PT-BR"><span style=""> </span>Istilah perikoronitis mengaju pada inflamasi pada gingival pada hubungan ke mahkota dari gigi yang erupsinya kurang sempurna. Ini sering terjadi pada daerah molar tiga rahang bawah. Perikoronitis bersifat akut, subakut, dan kronis. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="PT-BR"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="PT-BR">1.4.3.1<span style=""> </span>Etiologi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="PT-BR">Erupsi yang kurang sempurna dan impaksi dari molar tiga rahang bawah merupakan hal biasa dari perikoronitis. Ruangan antara mahkota gigi dan flap gingival yang sangat tinggi merupakan area yang ideal sebagai tempat terkumpulnya debris makanan dan tempat hidup bakteri.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="PT-BR"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="PT-BR">1.4.3.2<span style=""> </span>Ciri Klinis<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="PT-BR">Pada pasien tanpa adanya tanda dan gejala klinis, flap gingival sering bersifat inflamasi dan infeksi kronis, dengan variasi tingkat ulserasi mencapai permukaan sebelah dalam. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="PT-BR">Gambaran klinik ditandai dengan merah, membengkak, lesi yang bernanah yang sangat halus sekali, dengan rasa sakit menyebar ke telinga, tenggorokan, dan dasar mulut. Pasien biasanya merasa tidak nyaman karena sakit, rasa busuk, dan ketidakmampuan menutup rahang. Pembengkakan pada pipi juga ditemukan yang umumnya terdapat pada region sudut rahang dan lymphadenitis. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI">Pasien mungkin juga memiliki komplikasi sitemik seperti demam, leokositosis, dan malaise. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="FI">1.4.3.3<span style=""> </span>Komplikasi <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI"><span style=""> </span>Ini mungkin menyebar secara posterior ke dalam daerah <i style="">oropharyngeal</i> dan secara medial ke dasar lidah, menyebabkan pasien sulit untuk menelan. Tergantung pada kekerasan dan luasnya infeksi, terdapat keterlibatan submaksila, servikal posterior, servikal yang dalam, dan retropharyngeal lymph node. Formasi abses peritonsillar, cellulitis, dan ludwig’s angina jarang terjadi namun demikian dapat mengakibatkan akut perikoronitis. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">BAB II <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">PENYAKIT<span style=""> </span>PERIODONTAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.1<span style=""> </span>Poket Periodontal<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Poket periodontal didefinisikan sebagai pendalaman sulkus gingiva secara patologi, yaitu salah satu gejala klinik penyakit periodontal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.1.1<span style=""> </span>Klasifikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Pendalaman sulkus gingiva bisa terjadi oleh pergerakan koronal margin gingiva, pergeseran apikal <i style="">gingiva attachment, </i>atau kombinasi kedua proses. Poket-poket dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Poket gingiva (<i style="">pseudopocket</i>): tipe poket ini dibentuk oleh pembesaran gingiva tanpa kerusakan jaringan periodontal dasar. Sulkus dalam karena peningkatan bagian <i style="">(bulk)</i> gingiva.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Poket periodontal (<i style="">true or absolute</i>): Tipe poket ini terjadi dengan kerusakan jaringan pendukung periodontal.<span style=""> </span>Pendalaman poket yang progresif membuat kerusakan jaringan pendukung periodontal dan kehilangan gigi. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 9pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Ada dua tipe poket periodontal:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">1.Suprabony</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"> (<i style="">supracrestal </i>atau <i style="">supra-alveolar), </i>dimana dasar poket adalah korona tulang alveolar dasar. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2. Infrabony</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"> (<i style="">intrabony, subcrestal, or intra-alveolar)</i>, dimana dasar poket adalah apikal sampai permukaan batas tulang alveolar. Pada tipe kedua ini, dinding poket lateral berada antara permukaan gigi dan tulang alveolar.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Poket dapat meliputi satu, dua, atau lebih permukaan gigi dan dapat berbeda kedalaman dan jenis pada permukaan yang berbeda pada gigi yang sama dan pada permukaan approksimal pada ruang interdental yang sama. Poket bisa spiral (berasal dari satu permukaan gigi dan berliku-liku mengelilingi gigi termasuk satu atau lebih permukaan tambahan). Tipe poket ini paling umum di daerah percabangan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.1.2<span style=""> </span>Gambaran Klinis<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Gambaran klinik seperti merah, marginal gingiva menebal, zona vertikal merah kebiru-biruan dari margin gingiva sampai mukosa alveolar, perdarahan gingiva atau supurasi, pergeseran gigi, dan diastem formasi dan gejala seperti sakit secara lokal atau sakit yang dalam “pada tulang” gejala periodontal poket. Metode menemukan poket periodontal dan menentukan luasnya adalah berhati-hati memeriksa margin gingiva sekitar permukaan gigi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:153pt;height:96.75pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\NIWADA~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image017.jpg" title="perio_lg"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/NIWADA%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="204" height="129" /><!--[endif]--></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.1.3<span style=""> </span>Patogenesis<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Poket periodontal disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme dan produk-produknya, yang membuat perubahan jaringan patologi<span style=""> </span>membuat sulkus gingiva dalam. Pada dasar kedalaman, kadang-kadang sulit untuk membedakan kedalaman sulkus normal dengan poket periodontal dangkal. Perubahan meliputi transisi dari sulkus gingiva normal ke patologi poket periodontal dihubungkan dengan perbedaan proporsi sel-sel bakteri pada plak gigi. Gingiva sehat dihubungkan dengan beberapa mikroorganisme, paling banyak sel kokus dan batang. Penyakit gingiva dihubungkan dengan peningkatan jumlah spirochetes dan batang bergerak.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Formasi poket dimulai dari inflamasi di dinding jaringan ikat sulkus gingiva yang disebabkan bakteri plak. Sel dan eksudat cairan inflamasi menyebabkan degenerasi sekitar jaringan ikat, termasuk serabut gingiva.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Sebagai akibat kehilangan kolagen, bagian apikal epithelium junction berproliferasi sepanjang akar, pemanjangan seperti proyeksi<span style=""> </span>dua atau tiga jari. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Bagian korona <i style="">epithelium junction</i> melepaskan/memisahkan dari akar sebagai migrasi bagian apikal. Sebagai hasil inflamasi, polymorfonuklear neutrofil (PMNs) menginvasi ujung korona <i style="">epithelium junction</i> dalam meningkatkan jumlahnya. PMNs tidak bergabung satu sama lain atau sisa dari epithelium desmosom. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Perpanjangan <i style="">epithelium junction </i><span style=""> </span>sepanjang akar membutuhkan sel epitelial yang sehat. Ditandai dengan degenerasi atau nekrosis <i style="">epithelium junctional</i><span style=""> </span>memperlambat daripada mempercepat pembentukan poket.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Derajat infiltrasi leukosit <i style="">epithelium junctional </i><span style=""> </span>bebas dari volume inflamasi jaringan ikat, sehingga proses ini dapat terjadi pada gingiva dengan hanya sedikit gejala inflamasi klinik.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Dengan meneruskan inflamasi, gingiva meningkatkan bagian terbesar, dan puncak margin gingiva memperpanjang ke mahkota. <i style="">Epithelium junction </i>melanjutkan migrasi sepanjang akar dan memisahkannya. Epithelium dinding lateral poket berproliferasi ke dalam bentuk bulat, seperti pemanjangan <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">
<br /></span> <div class="Section4"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">kawat (<i style="">cord-like extendsions)</i> ke dalam inflamasi jaringan ikat. Leukosit dan edema dari inflamasi jaringan ikat berinflitrasi ke lapisan epithelium poket, menghasilkan berbagai derajat degenerasi dan nekrosis.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Plak </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">à</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"> Inflamasi gingiva </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">à</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"> Formasi poket </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">à</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"> formasi lebih banyak plak.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.1.4<span style=""> </span>Histopatologi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Korelasi Gejala Klinik dan Gejala Histopatologi Poket Periodontal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="height: 13pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt; height: 13pt;" valign="top" width="284"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Gejala Klinik<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt; height: 13pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="284"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Gejala Histopatologi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="284"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Dinding gingiva poket periodontal ada bermacam-macam tingkat pewarnaan merah kebiru-biruan; lembut; halus; permukaannya licin; dan <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Frekuensinya lebih sedikit, dinding gingiva bisa menjadi pink dan keras.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Perdarahan ditimbulkan oleh pemeriksaan dinding jaringan lunak poket dengan hati-hati.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Ketika diselidiki dengan pemeriksaan, aspek sebelah dalam poket periodontal umumnya menyakitkan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">5.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Pada banyak kasus pus bisa digambarkan dengan menerapkan tekanan digital. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="284"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 20.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Pewarnaan disebabkan oleh stagnasi sirkulasi; kelembutan; dengan penghancuran serat gingiva dan sekitar jaringan; halus, permukaan licin, dengan atrofi epitelium dan edema; <i style="">pitting on presure</i>, dengan edema dan degenerasi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 20.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Pada beberapa kasus fibrotik berubah menonjol lebih dari eksudasi dan degenerasi, terutama sekali dalam hubungan dengan permukaan luar dinding poket. Tetapi, walaupun penampilan eksternal sehat, dinding dalam poket tanpa kecuali sekarang ini beberapa berdegenerasi dan ini sering berulser.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 20.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Meredakan perdarahan hasil dari peningkatan vaskularisasi, penipisan dan degenerasi epitelium, dan dekat dengan tertutup pembuluh dengan permukaan dalam.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 20.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Sakit dan stimulasi taktil berkaitan dengan ulcerasi aspek dalam dinding poket.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 20.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">5.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Pus terjadi di dalam poket dengan inflamasi supuratif dinding bagian dalam. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN">
<br /></span></b></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.1.4.1 Invasi Bakteri<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Invasi bakteri area apikal dan lateral dinding poket bisa terjadi pada periodontitis kronik manusia. Filamen-filamen, batang, dan coccus organisme dengan predominan gram-negatif dinding sel telah ditemukan di ruang interseluler epitelium. Hillmann telah melaporkan keberadaan <i style="">Porphyromonas gingivalis </i>dan <i style="">Prevotella intermedia </i>di dalam kasus periodontitis gingiva akut. <i style="">Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans </i>juga ditemukan di dalam jaringan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Bakteri menginvasi ruang interseluler pada awalnya di bawah pengelupasan kulit sel epitelial, tetapi dapat juga ditemukan antara sel epitelial yang lebih dalam dan berakumulasi di atas lamina dasar. Beberapa bakteri melintasi lamina dasar dan menginvasi subepitelial jaringan ikat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.1.4.2<span style=""> </span>Mikrotopografi Poket<span style=""> </span>Dinding Gingiva <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Scan mikroskop elektron sudah bisa menggambarkan beberapa area dinding poket<span style=""> </span>jaringan lunak, dimana terdapat perbedaan tipe aktivitas.<span style=""> </span>Area –area ini berbentuk oval secara irreguler, memanjang dan berdekatan satu dengan yang lain, serta ukurannya sekitar 50-200µm.Area-area di bawah ini telah tercatat:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Area relatif pasif, menunjukkan permukaan yang relatif datar dengan sedikit<span style=""> </span>cekungan dan tumpukan.<span style=""> </span>Kadang-kadang sel berbayang .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Area akumulasi bakteri, dimana terdapat cekungan di permukaan epitel, dengan kumpulan debris dan kumpulan bakteri berpenetrasi ke dalam ruang pembesaran interseluler. Bakteri-bakteri ini umumnya berbentuk kokus, batang, dan filamen dengan sedikit spirochaetes.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Area kemunculan leukosit, dimana leukosit muncul di dalam dinding poket melalui lubang yang ada di ruang interseluler.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Area interaksi leukosit –bakteri, dimana sejumlah leukosit ada dan secara nyata menutupi bakteri dalam proses fagositosis. Plak bakteri bergabung dengan epitelium terlihat, baik tersusun sebagai matriks ditutupi oleh material menyerupai fibrin dalam kontak dengan permukaan sel atau bakteri yang berpenetrasi ke dalam ruang interseluler. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">5.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Area epitel deskuamasi yang kuat, dimana terdiri dari semi ikatan dan lipatan squamaepitelial, kadang-kadang sebagian tertutupi bakteri. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">6.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Area ulserasi, dengan jaringan ikat yang terpapar. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">7.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Area Hemoragi, dengan sejumlah eritrosit.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Transisi dari satu area ke area lain dapat disimpulkan, Bakteri berakumulasi<span style=""> </span>sebelumnya dalam area pasif memicu kemunculan leukosit dan interaksi leukosit-bakteri. Hal ini akan memicu desquamasi epitelia dan akhirnya terjadi ulserasi dan hemoragi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.1.4.3<span style=""> </span>Dinding Permukaan Akar<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Dinding permukaan akar poket periodontal sering mengalami perubahan yang signifikan karena mengekalkan infeksi periodontal, menyebabkan sakit, dan pengobatan periodontal rumit. Sementum akar menderita secara struktur, secara kimia, dan perubahan sitotoksik. Mikroorganisme yang dominan dalam karies permukaan akar adalah <i style="">Actinomyces viscosus</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Prevalensi rata-rata penelitian karies akar dalan 20 sampai 64 tahun individu menyatakan 42% mempunyai satu atau lebih lesi karies akar dan lesi-lesi itu ditujukan meningkat sejalan umur.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Karies akar bisa menyebabkan pulpitis, sensitifitas terhadap manis dan perubahan suhu, atau sakit berat. Karies akar mungkin penyebab sakit gigi pada pasien dengan penyakit periodontal dan tidak ada bukti kerusakan korona.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Karies sementum membutuhkan perhatian khusus ketika poket diobati. Nektrotik sementum harus dihilangkan dengan <i style="">scalling</i> dan <i style="">root planing </i>sampai permukaan akar kuat tercapai, juga bila memerlukan pemanjangan sampai dentin.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Sementum yang terpapar (terekspos) bisa mengabsorbsi kalsium, phosphorus, dan fluoride dari lingkungan lokalnya, membuat mungkin perkembangan lapisan kalsifikasi tinggi yang resisten terhadap kebusukan. Kemampuan sementum ini untuk mengabsorpsi substansi dari lingkungannya bisa membahayakan jika material yang diabsorpsi toksik.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Perubahan sitotoksik. Penetrasi bakteri ke dalam sementum bisa ditemukan sedalam sementodentinal junction. Lagi pula, produk bakteri seperti endotoksin juga sudah dideteksi di dalam dinding sementum poket periodontal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Zona di bawah ini dapat ditemukan di dasar poket periodontal:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Sementum yang ditutupi kalkulus.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">Attached plaque, </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">yang menutupi kalkulus dan memperpanjang secara apikal ke berbagai derajat, mungkin 100-500 µm.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">Zona of unattached plaque </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">yang mengelilingi plak terikat dan memperluas secara apikal.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Zona dimana epitelium junction terikat ke gigi. Pemanjangan zona ini, dimana normal sulci lebih dari 500 µm, biasanya direduksi dalam poket periodontal kurang dari 100 µm.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Apikal ke epitelium junction, mungkin zona <i style="">semi-destroyed </i>serat jaringan ikat.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.1.5<span style=""> </span>Kandungan Poket<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Poket periodontal mengandung debris terutama terdiri dari mikroorganisme dan produk-produknya (enzim, endotoksin, dan hasil metabolisme lainnya), cairan gingiva, sisa makanan, mucin salivari, desquamasi sel epitelial, dan leukosit. Plak-menutupi kalkulus biasanya proyek dari permukaan gigi. Eksudat nanah, jika ada, terdiri dari hidup, degenerasi, dan nekrotik leukosit; bakteri hidup dan mati; serum; dan sedikit jumlah fibrin. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.1.6<span style=""> </span>Aktivitas Penyakit Periodontal<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Poket periodontal melewati periode kepasifan dan pembusukan. Periode kepasifan dicirikan oleh pengurangan respon inflamasi dan sedikit atau tidak ada kehilangan tulang dan ikatan jaringan ikat. Penambahan plak tidak terikat, dengan gram-negatifnya, motil, dan bakteri anaerob, memulai periode pembusukan dimana tulang dan ikatan jaringan ikat hilang dan poket mendalam. Periode ini dapat berakhir dan diikuti secepatnya oleh periode remisi atau pembusukan dimana gram-positif bakteri berproliferasi dan kondisi lebih stabil.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.1.7<span style=""> </span>Sisi Spesifisiti<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Penghancuran periodontal tidak terjadi di semua bagian mulut pada waktu yang sama, tetapi beberapa gigi pada waktu yang sama atau hanya beberapa aspek beberapa gigi bagaimanapun waktunya. Ini disebut sebagai sisi spesifisiti penyakit periodontal. Oleh karena itu, kerasnya periodontal meningkat oleh (1) perkembangan tempat penyakit baru dan/atau (2) peningkatan kerusakan tempat yang ada.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.1.8<span style=""> </span>Perubahan Pulpa Terkait Poket Periodontal<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Perluasan infeksi dari poket periodontal bisa menyebabkan perubahan patologi dalam pulpa. Keterlibatan pulpa dalam penyakit periodontal terjadi melalui, baik foramen apikal atau lateral kanal di akar setelah infeksi meluas dari poket melalui ligamen periodontal. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.1.9<span style=""> </span>Keterikatan antara Kehilangan Perlekatan dan Kehilangan Tulang terhadap Kedalaman Poket <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Formasi poket menyebabkan kehilangan ikatan gingiva dan penggundulan permukaan akar. Kehilangan ikatan yang berat secara umum, tetapi tidak selalu berhubungan dengan kedalaman poket. Ini karena derajat kehilangan ikatan (pengunduran) tergantung lokasi dasar poket di atas permukaan akar, padahal kedalaman jarak antara dasar poket dan puncak gingiva. Kedalaman poket yang sama dapat dihubungkan dengan perbedaan tingkat kehilangan ikatan dan kedalaman poket berbeda bisa di hubungkan dengan jumlah yang sama kehilangan ikatan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Kehilangan tulang berat umumnya dihubungkan dengan kedalaman poket, tetapi tidak selalu. Kehilangan tulang yang luas bisa dihubungkan dengan poket dangkal, dan kehilangan tulang tipis/sedikit bisa terjadi dengan poket yang dalam.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.1.10<span style=""> </span>Daerah antara Dasar Poket dan Tulang Alveolar<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Secara normal jarak antara <i style="">epitelium junction</i> dan tulang alveolar konstan secara relatif. Jarak antara kalkulus bawah dan puncak alveolar dalam poket periodontal manusia paling konstan, mempunyai rata-rata panjang 1,97 mm ±33,16%.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Jarak dari ikatan plak ke tulang tidak pernah kurang dari 0,5 mm dan tidak pernah lebih dari 2,7 mm. Penemuan ini menganjurkan bahwa aktivitas resorpsi tulang diinduksi oleh bakteri didesak dalam jarak ini. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.1.11<span style=""> </span>Hubungan Poket Periodontal dengan Tulang<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Di dalam poket <i style="">infrabony </i>dasar adalah apikal ke tingkat tulang alveolar, dan dinding poket berada antara gigi dan tulang. Poket <i style="">Infrabony </i>paling sering terjadi secara interproksimal tetapi bisa berlokasi di facial dan lingual permukaan gigi. Paling sering poket meluas dari permukaan dimana berasal untuk satu atau lebih berdekatan ke permukaan. Poket <i style="">Suprabony </i>mempunyai dasar corona ke puncak tulang.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Perubahan inflamasi, proliferatif, dan degeneratif<span style=""> </span>poket <i style="">infrabony </i>dan <i style="">suprabony </i>adalah sama, dan keduanya menyebabkan kehancuran dukungan jaringan periodontal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.1.12<span style=""> </span>Abses Periodontal<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Abses periodontal adalah inflamasi purulen jaringan periodontal terlokalisasi. Hal ini juga diketahui sebagai abses lateral atau parietal. Abses lokal di dalam gingiva dan menekan<span style=""> </span>ke dalam struktur pendukung disebut abses gingival. Abses periodontal berasal dari injuri ke permukaan luar gingiva dan bisa terjadi di ketidakadaan poket periodontal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Formasi abses periodontal<span style=""> </span>bisa terjadi dengan cara:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Perluasan infeksi dari poket periodontal yang dalam ke dalam jaringan periodontal pendukung dan lokalisasi proses inflamasi supuratif sepanjang aspek lateral akar.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Perluasan lateral inflamasi dari permukaan dalam poket periodontal ke dalam jaringan ikat dinding poket. Hasil lokalisasi abses ketika<span style=""> </span>drainase ke dalam ruang poket lemah.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Di dalam poket yang menggambarkan<span style=""> </span>saluran akar yang berliku-liku, abses periodontal<span style=""> </span>bisa membentuk kul-de-sak, akhir yang dalam dimana tertutup dari permukaan.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Penghilangan kalkulus yang tidak lengkap selama pengobatan poket periodontal. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Pada contoh ini, dinding gingiva menyusut, termasuk lubang poket, dan abses periodontal terjadi tertutup bagian poket.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Abses periodontal bisa terjadi di dalam ketidakhadiran penyakit periodontal setelah trauma gigi atau perforasi dinding lateral akar dalam terapi endodontik.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Periodontal abses diklasifikasikan berdasarkan lokasi sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Abses di dalam jaringan periodontal pendukung, sepanjang aspek lateral akar. Pada kondisi ini umumnya ada sinus di di dalam tulang yang memperpanjang dari abses ke permukaan eksternal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Abses di dalam dinding jaringan lunak kedalaman poket periodontal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Secara Mikroskopi, abses lokal berakumulasi aktif dan nekrotik PMNs dalam dinding poket periodontal. Leukosit mati melepaskan enzim yang dicerna sel-sel dan struktur-struktur<span style=""> </span>jaringan lain, membentuk produk cair yang diketahui sebagai pus, yang merupakan pusat abses. Reaksi inflamasi akut sekitar area purulen, dan epitelium menunjukan intraseluler dan ekstraseluler edema dan invasi leukosit.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Abses akut lokal menjadi abses kronik ketika purulennya mengandung saluran melalui fistula ke dalam permukaan gingiva luar atau ke dalam poket periodontal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Invasi bakteri jaringan telah disebutkan di dalam abses, invasi organisme diidentifikasi sebagai gram negatif cocci, diplococci, fusiform, dan spirochetes. Invasi fungi juga ditemukan dan diinterpretasikan sebagai penginvasi opportunis. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.1.13<span style=""> </span>Kista Periodontal<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Kista periodontal adalah lesi tidak umum yang menghasilkan kerusakan lokal jaringan periodontal sepanjang permukaan lateral, paling sering di mandibular daerah caninus-premolar.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Di bawah ini kemungkinan etiologi telah disebutkan:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Kista odontogenik disebabkan oleh proliferasi epitelial istirahat Malassez; stimulus inisiasi aktivitas seluler tidak diketahui.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Kista lateral dentigerous </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">tertahan di dalam rahang setelah gigi erupsi.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IT">Kista premodial supernumeri benih gigi.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IT">Stimulasi epitelial istirahat ligamen periodontal oleh infeksi dari abses periodontal atau dari pulpa melalui saluran akar tambahan.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IT">Kista periodontal biasanya asimptomatik dan tanpa dapat ditemukan perubahan secara nyata, tetapi kista periodontal bisa ada sebagai bengkak lunak. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IT"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="FI">2.2<span style=""> </span>Kehilangan Tulang dan Pola Kerusakan Tulang<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI">Meskipun perodontitis merupakan suatu penyakit jaringan gingiva, perubahan yang terjadi pada tulang alveolar sangat berperan penting karena kehilangan tulang dapat menyebabkan kehilangan gigi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI">Tinggi dan kepadatan tulang alveolar pada keadaan normal memiliki keseimbangan antara besarnya pembentukan dan resorpsi yang diatur oleh faktor sistemik dan faktor lokal. Saat nilai resorpsi lebih besar dari nilai pembentukan tulang, tinggi dan kepadatan tulang alveolar dapat menurun.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="FI">2.2.1<span style=""> </span>Kerusakan Tulang Akibat Inflamasi Gingiva yang Meluas<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI">Penyebab utama kerusakan tulang pada penyakit periodontal adalah perluasan inflamasi marginal gingiva ke jaringan penyokong. Invasi dari inflamasi gingiva ke permukaan tulang dan permulaan dari kehilangan tulang merupakan ciri utama transisi dari gingivitis ke periodontitis.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI">Periodontitis selalu didahului oleh gingivitis, sedangkan tidak semua gingivitis berkembang menjadi periodontitis. Faktor yang menyebabkan perluasan inflamasi ke jaringan penyokong dan menginisiasi perubahan gingivitis menjadi periodontitis belum diketahui, namun dikaitkan dengan komposisi bakterial yang terdapat pada plak. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Pada penyakit periodontal yang parah, kandungan bakteri yang bergerak (motile) dan spirochaeta meningkat sedangkan bakteri kokus dan batang berkurang. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Perluasan inflamasi dikaitkan pula dengan potensi pathogenik dari plak, resistensi host, termasuk pula reaksi imunologi manusia, dan reaksi-reaksi jaringan seperti derajat fibrosis gingiva, luas <i style="">attached</i> gingiva, fibrogenesis dan osteogenesis yang reaktif. Sistem fibrin-fibrinolitik disebut sebagai “<i style="">walling off</i>” dari peningkatan lesi. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.2.2<span style=""> </span>Histopatologi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Inflamasi gingiva meluas sepanjang bundel serat kolagen dan menyebar mengikuti jalur “<i style="">blood vessel</i>” menuju tulang alveolar. Pada regio molar, inflamasi dapat meluas ke sinus maksilaris dan mengakibatkan penebalan sinus mukosa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Pada bagian interproksimal, inflamasi menyebar ke jaringan ikat longgar di sekitar pembuluh darah melalui serat-serat, lalu menyebar ke tulang melalui saluran pembuluh lalu memperforasi puncak septum interdental di tengah-tengah puncak alveolar, lalu menyebar ke sisi-sisi septum interdental. Jarang tejadi inflamasi yang menyebar langsung ke tulang menemui ligamen periodontal. Pada<span style=""> </span>bagian fasial dan lingual, inflamasi gingiva menyebar melalui lapisan periosteal luar pada tulang dan berpenetrasi melalui pembuluh darah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Setelah inflamasi mencapai tulang, inflamasi menyebar ke dalam ruangan kosong dan mengisi ruangan tersebut dengan leukosit, cairan eksudat, pembuluh darah yang baru, dan memploriferasi fibroblast. Jumlah multinuklear osteoklast dan mononuklear fagositosis meningkat lalu lapisan tulang menghilang, diganti dengan lakuna.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.2.3<span style=""> </span>Mekanisme Kerusakan Tulang<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Faktor yang berpengaruh pada kerusakan tulang adalah bakteri dan host (pada penyakit periodontal). Produk bakterial plak meningkatkan diferensiasi sel progenitor tulang menjadi osteoklas dan merangsang sel gingiva untuk mengeluarkan suatu mediator yang memicu terjadinya hal tersebut. Produk plak dan mediator inflamasi untuk menghambat kerja dari osteoblast dan menurunkan jumlah sel-sel tersebut. Jadi, aktivitas resorpsi tulang meningkat, sedangkan proses pembentukan tulang terhambat sehingga terjadilah kehilangan tulang.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.2.4<span style=""> </span>Pola Kerusakan Tulang<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">2.2.4.1<span style=""> </span>Hilangnya tulang secara horizontal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Hilangnya tulang secara horizontallah yang paling sering dijumpai. Tulang alveolar berkurang tingginya, margin tulang berbentuk horizontal atau agak miring. Resopsi tulang pada pola ini terjadi karena adanya aktivitas yang sama besar pada semua bagian tulang. Sehingga kerusakan sama rata, dan cacat yang terbentuk adalah puncak alveolar yang datar.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">2.2.4.2<span style=""> </span>Cacat tulang pada tulang alveolar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Cacat ini dijumpai pada septum interdental maupun permukaan tulang sebelah luar (oral atau vestibular).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">2.2.4.3<span style=""> </span>Cacat tulang pada septum interdental<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Adanya cacat tulang ini dapat dilihat secara radiografis, tetapi paling jelas diketahui dengan mengadakan probing sewaktu diadakan pembukaan flap dalam prosedur operatif. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI">Cacat tulang pada septum interdental ini adalah<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Crater (cupping)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Cacat tulang ini merupakan kavitas pada crest septum interdental yang dibatasi oleh dinding oral dan vestibular dan kadang-kadang dijumpai antara permukaan gigi dengan vestibular atau dasar mulut<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Infrabony<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Cacat tulang ini dapat bermacam-macam tergantung pada jumlah dinding tulangnya. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="PT-BR">2.2.4.4<span style=""> </span>Cacat Tulang Alveolar Pada Permukaan Oral atau Vestubular<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="PT-BR">Cacat tulang pada permukaan luar (oral atau vestibular)ini sangat bervariasi, diantaranya adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Kontur tulang yang bulbous<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Kontur tulang yang bulbous biasanya disebabkan adanya eksositosis atau terbentuknya pilling.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Hemisepta <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Sedangkan hemisepta akan menunjukkan adanya bagian interdental septum yang rusak sepanjang penyakit. Bagian yang rusak ini dapat terjadi pada bagian mesialnya ataupun bagian distalnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Margin Tulang inkonsisten<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Bentuk margin tulang yang inkonsisten merupakan cacat tulang angular atau terbentuk U pada permukaan oral atau vestibular. Pada agambaran radoografik hal ini akan sukar diketahui oleh oleh karena terrindih oleh gambaran gigi atau gambaran tulang lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Ledge<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Bentuk ledges terlihat sebagai penonjolan kecil dan rata akibat adanya bony plato yang tebal mengalami resopsi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">5.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Spine<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Cacat tuang spine menunjukkan adanya penonjolan tulang yang tajam<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">6.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Margin tulang terbalik<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Bentuk margin tulang terbalik maksudnya pincak crest alveolar yang tertinggi terdapat di pertengahan gigi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">2.2.4.5<span style=""> </span>Cacat Furkasi<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Cacat furkasi juga dapat dikelompokkan menurut derajat kerusakan tulang di daerah furkasi yang diukur pada bidang horizontal. Cacat furkasi ini diklasifikasikan menjadi 3 kelas, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Kelas 1<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Disebut juga cacat tahap awal. Merupakan cacat yang berpenetrasi kurang dari 2mm ke arah furkasi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Kelas 2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Merupakan cacat dimana kerusakan tulang lebih dari 2 mm ke arah interradikular, tetapi tidak semua daerah furkasi sehingga ada sebuah aspek tulang yang tetap utuh.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Kelas 3<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Merupakan cacat yang sedemikian rupa sehingga sebagian besar tulang interradikular sudah rusak, dan sonde dapat dimasukkan melewati dearah antara akar-akar gigi dari salah satu sisi ke sisi lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.3 Periodontitis Kronis<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Periodontitis kronis merupakan penyakit dengan tipe progresif yang lambat. Dengan adanya faktor sistemik, seperti diabetes, perokok, atau stress, progres penyakit akan lebih cepat karena faktor tersebut dapat merubah respon <i style="">host</i> terhadap akumulasi plak.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.3.1<span style=""> </span>Karakteristik Umum<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Karakteristik yang ditemukan pada pasien periodontitis kronis yang belum ditangani meliputi akumulasi plak pada supragingival dan subgingival, inflamasi gingiva, pembentukan poket, kehilangan <i style="">periodontal attachment</i>, kehilangan tulang alveolar, dan kadang-kadang muncul supurasi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Pada pasien dengan <i style="">oral hygiene</i> yang buruk, gingiva membengkak dan warnanya antara merah pucat hingga magenta. Hilangnya <i style="">gingival stippling</i> dan adanya perubahan topografi pada permukaannya seperti menjadi tumpul dan rata (<i style="">cratered papila</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Pada banyak pasien karakteristik umum seringkali tidak terdeteksi, dan inflamasi hanya terdeteksi dengan adanya pendarahan pada gingiva sebagai respon dari pemeriksaan poket periodontal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Kedalaman poket bervariasi, dan kehilangan tulang secara vertikal maupun horizontal dapat ditemukan. Kegoyangan gigi terkadang muncul pada kasus yang lanjut dengan adanya perluasan hilangnya <i style="">attachment</i> dan hilangnya tulang.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Periodontitis kronis dapat didiagnosis dengan terdeteksinya perubahan inflamasi kronis pada marginal gingiva, adanya poket periodontal dan hilangnya <i style="">attachment</i> secara klinis. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.3.2<span style=""> </span>Penyebaran Penyakit<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Periodontitis kronis biasanya merupakan penyakit yang spesifik pada suatu tempat yang terakumulasi plak. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Periodontitis kronis dijelaskan sebagai <i style="">localized </i>dan <i style="">generalized.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span></i><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN">Localized periodontitis<o:p></o:p></span></i></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="SV">K</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">urang dari 30% tempat terkena abses pada mulut </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="SV">yang </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">menunjukan hilangnya <i style="">attachment </i>dan tulang.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span></i><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN">Generalized periodontitis<o:p></o:p></span></i></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Terdapat 30 % atau lebih tempat terkena abses pada mulut yang menunjukan hilangnya <i style="">attachment</i> dan tulang.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Pola hilangnya tulang pada periodontitis secara vertikal, bila hilangnya <i style="">attachment </i>dan tulang pada permukaan gigi lebih besar dibandingkan pada permukaan yang berdekatan, atau horizontal. Hilangnya tulang secara vertikal biasanya diasosiasikan dengan kerusakan angular tulang dan bentuk poket intrabony. Hilangnya tulang secara<span style=""> </span>horizontal biasanya dihubungkan dengan poket suprabony.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.3.3<span style=""> </span>Keganasan Penyakit<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Keganasan pada kerusakan periodontal terjadi akibat lama tidaknya waktu terkena penyakit. Dengan bertambahnya usia, hilangnya <i style="">attachment </i>dan tulang akan menjadi lebih prevalensi dan berbahaya karena adanya akumulasi dari kerusakan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Keganasan penyakit dibagi menjadi :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span></i><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN">Slight (mild) periodontitis<o:p></o:p></span></i></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Kerusakan periodontal yang ringan dan hilangnya <i style="">attachment </i>tidak lebih dari 1-2 mm.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span></i><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN">Moderate periodontitis<o:p></o:p></span></i></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Kerusakan periodontal yang sedang dan hilangnya <i style="">attachment</i> 3-4 mm.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span></i><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN">Severe periodontitis<o:p></o:p></span></i></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Kerusakan periodontal yang berbahaya dan hilangnya <i style="">attachment </i>lebih dari 5mm.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.3.4<span style=""> </span>Gejala<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Gejala awal pasien periodontitis kronis adalah terdapat tanda gusi berdarah pada saat makan atau ketika menyikat gigi, adanya kegoyangan gigi, atau tanggalnya gigi. Pada periodontitis kronis ini pasien tidak ada gejala nyeri, pasien sama sekali tidak merasa bahwa dia terkena penyakit sehingga kemungkinan besar sulit untuk mau dirawat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Rasa nyeri kemungkinan muncul pada gigi tanpa karies yang disebabkan oleh akar yang sensitif pada panas, dingin, atau keduanya. Area atau tempat yang terlokalisir sedikit nyeri, kadang-kadang merambat jauh pada rahang biasanya dihubungkan dengan periodontitis. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI">Adanya area yang terimpaksi oleh makanan menambah ketidaknyamanan pada pasien.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="FI">2.3.5 Progres Penyakit<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI">Pasien memiliki kemungkinan terkena periodontitis kronis yang sama sepanjang hidup. Kecepatan progresi biasanya lambat tetapi dapat dimodifikasi oleh sistemik, lingkungan, dan perilaku. Awal pembentukan periodontitis dapat terjadi kapanpun, tetapi tanda awal biasanya dapat terdeteksi selama masa remaja pada akumulasi plak dan kalkulus. Periodontitis kronis secara klinis menjadi signifikan pada umur pertengahan-tiga puluhan atau lebih.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Beberapa<span style=""> </span>model yang menjelaskan tentang progres penyakit. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Pada model, progresi diukur oleh jumlah hilangnya <i style="">attachment</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN">Continous model</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">, progres dari penyakit lambat dan berkesinambungan, dengan tempat yang terkena menunjukan adanya kecepatan progres yang konstan pada kerusakan periodontal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN">Random model (episodic-burst model)</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">, mengarah pada progres dari penyakit periodontal dengan lambatnya destruksi yang diikuti oleh periode tanpa destruksi. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >Pola penyakit ini adalah random.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" ><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN">Asynchronous</span></i><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" > (</span></i><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN">multiple-burst model</span></i><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" >), </span></i><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" ><span style=""> </span></span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">pada progres dari penyakit mengarah pada destruksi periodontal yang terjadi di sekeliling gigi yang terkena selama periode</span><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" > burst activity</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >, dan akan berganti dengan periode<i style=""> inactivity</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">2.3.6<span style=""> </span>Prevalensi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Periodontitis kronis meningkat prevalensi dan keganasannya berhubungan dengan umur, dan secara umum efeknya pada jenis kelamin adalah sama. Bukan umur dari individu yang menyebabkan meningkatnya prevalensi, tetapi lamanya waktu jaringan periodontal berubah oleh akumulasi plak. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">2.3.7 Faktor Resiko Terjadinya Penyakit<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Periodontitis merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor. Faktor utama terjadinya periodontitis adalah terdapatnya akumulasi plak pada gigi dan gingival. <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Ada</st1:place></st1:city> beberapa faktor yang ikut berkontribusi dalam peningkatan resiko terjadinya penyakit, antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Faktor lokal. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Akumulasi plak pada gigi dan gingival pada <i style="">dentogingival junction</i> merupakan awal inisiasi agen pada etiologi periodontitis kronis. Bakteri biasanya memberikan efek lokal pada sel dan jaringan berupa inflamasi. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Faktor sistemik<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Kebanyakan periodontitis kronis terjadi pada pasien yang memiliki penyakit sistemik yang mempengaruhi keefektivan respon <i style="">host</i>. Diabetes merupakan contoh penyakit yang dapat meningkatkan keganasan penyakit ini. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Lingkungan dan perilaku<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Merokok dapat meningkatkan keganasan penyakit ini. Pada perokok, terdapat lebih banyak kehilangan <i style="">attachment</i> dan tulang, lebih banyak furkasi dan pendalaman poket. Stres juga dapat meningkatkan prevalensi dan keganasan penyakit ini.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">4)<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Genetik<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Biasanya kerusakan periodontal sering terjadi di dalam satu keluarga, ini kemungkinan menunjukkan adanya faktor genetik yang mempengaruhi periodontitis kronis ini. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">2.4 Periodontitis Agresif<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Periodontitis agresif<span style=""> </span>biasanya menyerang secara sistemik pada individu sehat yang berumur kurang dari 30 tahun. Periodontitis agresif dibedakan dengan periodontitis kronis berdasarkan onset usia, kecepatan progresi, sifat dan komposisi kumpulan mikroflora gingiva, perubahan respon imun<i style=""> host</i> dan agregasi keluarga dari penyakit individu. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Periodontitis agresif menggambarkan tiga penyakit. Penyakit tersebut adalah <i style="">localized aggressive periodontitis</i>,<i style=""> generalized aggressive periodontitis</i>, dan <i style="">rapidly progressive periodontitis</i> (RPP).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.4.1 <i style=""><span style=""> </span>Localized Aggressive Periodontitis<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.4.1.1<span style=""> </span>Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Pada tahun 1923 Gottlieb melaporkan seorang pasien dengan kasus fatal influenza epidemik. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Gottlieb menyebut penyakit itu sebagai ‘<i style="">’difuse atrophy of the alveolar bone</i>’’. Pada tahun 1928, Gottlieb mengganggap kondisi ini disebabkan oleh inhibisi pembentukan sementum yang terus menerus.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Pada tahun 1938, Wannenmacher menyebut penyakit tersebut sebagai <i style="">‘’parodontitis marginalis progressiva’’</i>. Pada akhirnya, tahun 1966, <i style="">world workshop</i> <i style="">in periodontics</i> menyimpulkan konsep ‘’periodontosis’’ sebagai suatu gambaran degeneratif yang tidak perlu dikonfirmasi dan istilah itu harus dihilangkan dari nomenklatur periodontal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Istilah ‘<i style="">’Juvenile periodontitis’</i>’ telah diperkenalkan oleh Chaput dan para kolega di tahun 1967 dan oleh <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Butler</st1:place></st1:city> pada tahun 1969. Pada tahun 1971, Baer mendefinisikan ini sebagai suatu penyakit pada periodontium yang terjadi pada remaja sehat dengan karakteristik kehilangan tulang alveolar yang sangat<span style=""> </span>cepat. Pada tahun 1989, <i style="">word workshop clinical periodontics</i> mengkategorikan penyakit ini sebagai ‘’<i style="">localized juvenile periodontitis (LPJ)</i>’’, termasuk sub dari klasifikasi besar dari <i style="">early-onset periodontitis (EOP).</i> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Sekarang, penyakit penyakit dengan karakteristik LPJ berubah nama menjadi <i style="">localized aggressive periodontitis</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.4.1.2<span style=""> </span>Tanda-tanda Klinis<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Localized aggressive periodontitis</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"> (LAP) biasanya mempunyai onset pada usia masa pubertas atau remaja. Tanda-tanda klinisnya yaitu terlokalisasi pada gigi molar pertama atau incisivus dan hilangnya perlekatan interproksimal paling sedikit pada dua gigi permanen, satu pada gigi molar pertama dan melibatkan tidah lebih dari dua gigi selain dari gigi molar pertama dan incsivus. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Kemungkinan alasan batas kerusakan jaringan periodontal dan gigi yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Setelah melakukan kolonisasi pertama pada gigi permanen yang pertama erupsi (gigi molar pertama dan incisivus), <i style="">Actinobacillus</i> <i style="">actinomycetemcomitans </i><span style=""> </span>menghindari pertahanan <i style="">host</i> dengan mekanisme yang berbeda, meliputi produksi polimorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN), faktor penghambat-chemotaxis, endotoxin, kolagen, leukotoxin, dan faktor lain yang dapat membuat bakteri berkolonisasi pada poket dan memulai perusakan jaringan periodontal. Setelah penyerangan pertama ini, pertahanan imun adekuat <i style="">host</i> distimulasi dengan memproduksi antibody untuk menaikan jarak dan fagositosis serangan bakteri dan menetralisir aktifitas leukotoxin. Dengan cara ini, kolonisasi bakteri pada tempat lain dapat dicegah. Respon antibody yang kuat pada agen infeksi adalah karakteristik dari <i style="">localized aggressive periodontitis</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Bakteri yang berlawanan dengan <i style="">A.</i> <i style="">actinomycetemcomitans </i>dapat berkolonisasi pada jaringan periodontal dan menghambat<i style=""><span style=""> </span></i>kolonisasi yang lebih lanjut<span style=""> </span>dari <i style="">A.</i> <i style="">actinomycetemcomitans</i>. Ini akan melokalisasi infeksi <i style="">A.</i> <i style="">actinomycetemcomitans </i>dan mencegah perusakan jaringan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN">A.</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"> <i style="">actinomycetemcomitans </i>dapat kehilangan kemampuan memproduksi leukotoxin tanpa alasan yang jelas. Jika hal ini terjadi, progresi penyakit dapat dicegah atau dilemahkan, dan kolonisasi pada daerah periodontal yang baru dapat dihindari.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Kerusakan pada susunan sementum dapat disebabkan oleh lesi yang terlokalisasi. Permukaan akar dari gigi yang dicabut pada pasien LAP ditemukan adanya sementum yang hipoplastik atau aplastik. Hal ini tidak hanya ditemukan pada permukaan akar yang terpapar langsung pada poket periodontal tetapi juga pada akar gigi yang masih mengelilingi periodontium.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Karakteristik yang mencolok dari LAP adalah tidak adanya inflamasi klinis meskipun terdapat poket periodontal yang dalam dan adanya kehilangan tulang yang cepat. Pada beberapa kasus jumlah plak minimal yang terlihat tidak konsisten dengan jumlah kerusakan periodontal. Plak jarang<span style=""> </span>membentuk kalkulus. Meskipun jumlah plak terbatas tetapi mengandung banyak<span style=""> </span><i style="">A.</i> <i style="">Actinomycetemcomitans </i>dan pada beberapa pasien terdapat <i style="">Porphyromonas gingivalis.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">LAP mempunyai progres yang cepat. Bukti yang telah dilaporkan bahwa laju hilangnya tulang sekitar 3-4 kali lebih cepat daripada periodontitis kronik. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Karakteristik klinis lain dari LAP meliputi :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Adanya perpindahan distolabial pada incisivus rahang atas, bersamaan dengan pembentukan diastema.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Peningkatan pergerakan pada incisivus dan molar rahang atas dan rahang bawa</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="SV">h</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="FI"><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Sensitifitas permukaan akar terhadap </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="FI">suhu</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"> dan s</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="FI">entuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Rasa sakit selama matikasi, kemungkinan besar disebabkan oleh iritasi struktur pendukung </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="FI">oleh</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"> gigi yang bergerak dan impaksi makanan. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Tidak semua kasus LAP berprogresi pada tingkatan yang dapat diuraikan dengan tepat. Pada beberapa pasien dengan progresi kehilangan perlekatan dan kehilangan tulang dapat sembuh dengan sendirinya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.4.1.3<span style=""> </span>Gambaran Radiografik<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Hilangnya tulang alveolar secara vertikal disekeliling gigi molar pertama dan incisivus, pada permulaan masa pubertas pada remaja sehat, merupakan tanda diagnosis klasik dari LAP. Gambaran radiografik meliputi hilangnya bentuk lengkung tulang alveolar yang meluas dari permukaan distal pada gigi premolar kedua sampai permukaan mesial gigi molar kedua. Kerusakan tulang biasanya lebih luas daripada periodontitis kronik.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.4.1.4<span style=""> </span>Prevalensi dan Distribusi Berdasarkan Umur dan Jenis Kelamin<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Prevalensi LAP pada populasi usia remaja pada keadaan geografis yang berbeda yaitu kurang dari 1 %.<span style=""> </span>Sebagian besar melaporkan prevalensi yang rendah sekitar 0,2 %. Beberapa penelitian menemukan bahwa prevalensi tertinggi LAP pada laki-laki kulit hitam, diikuti perempuan kulit hitam, perempuan kulit putih dan laki-laki kulit putih. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="PT-BR">Terlihat frekuensi paling banyak pada periode pubertas dan pada usia 20 tahun. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="PT-BR"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="PT-BR">2.4.2<span style=""> </span><i style="">Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="PT-BR">2.4.2.1<span style=""> </span>Tanda-tanda<span style=""> </span>klinis<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="PT-BR">Generalize Aggressive Periodontitis</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="PT-BR"> (GAP) biasanya menyerang individu dibawah umur 30 tahun, namun pasien yang lebih tua juga dapat terserang. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Berbeda dengan LAP, individu yang terserang GAP menghasilkan respon antibody yang rendah terhadap organisme patogen. Secara klinis, GAP mempunyai karakteristik<span style=""> </span>yaitu hilangnya<span style=""> </span>perlekatan interproksimal secara menyeluruh, sedikitnya pada tiga gigi permanen selain molar pertama dan incisivus. Kerusakan yang timbul terjadi secara bertahap diikuti tahap <i style="">quiescence</i> (diam) dalam periode minggu ke bulan atau tahun. Radiografi sering menunjukan kehilangan tulang yang mempunyai progresi sejak pemeriksaan radiografi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Seperti pada LAP, pasien GAP sering mempunyai jumlah plak kecil. Jumlah plak nampak tidak konsisten dengan jumlah kerusakan periodontal. Namun terdapat banyaknya bakteri <i style="">P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans</i> dan <i style="">Tannerella forsythia</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Respon dua jaringan gingiva dapat ditemukan.<span style=""> </span>Salah satu yang paling ganas adalah jaringan yang terinflamasi akut, sering terproliferasi, terulserasi dan berwarna merah terang. Pendarahan dapat terjadi secara spontan atau dengan stimulasi ringan. Supurasi dapat menjadi suatu karakteristik<span style=""> </span>penting. Respon jaringan ini dianggap terjadi pada tahap destruktif dimana perlekatan tulang hilang dengan aktif. Pada beberapa kasus, jaringan gingiva dapat terlihat berwarna pink, bebas inflamasi, kadang-kadang dengan beberapa tingkatan <i style="">stippling</i>. Poket yang dalam dapat terlihat dengan pemeriksaan. Beberapa pasien GAP dapat memiliki manifestasi sistemik seperti penurunan berat badan, depresi mental dan malaise.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.4.2.2<span style=""> </span>Gambaran Radiografik<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Gambaran radiografik pada GAP yaitu hilangnya tulang dari sedikit gigi sampai menyerang sebagian besar gigi.<span style=""> </span>Perbandingan radiografik yang diambil pada waktu berbeda, menunjukan keagresifan penyakit ini. Page et al menjelaskan suatu<span style=""> </span>sisi pada pasien GAP yang menunjukan adanya kerusakan sekitar 25%-60% selama periode 9 minggu, menunjukan kehilangan tulang yang ekstrim tetapi di lain sisi pada pasien yang sama, menunjukan tidak adanya kehilangan tulang.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.4.2.3<span style=""> </span>Prevalensi dan Distribusi<span style=""> </span>Bedasarkan Umur dan Jenis Kelamin<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Pada suatu di Sri Lanka, 8% dari populasi mempunyai penyakit <i style="">periodontal rapid progression</i>, dengan karakteristik<span style=""> </span>hilangnya perlekatan sekitar 0,1-1 mm per tahun. Survey nasional A.U.S terhadap remaja usia 14-17 tahun melaporkan bahwa 0,13% terserang GAP. Selain itu juga, orang kulit hitam mempunyai resiko terjangkit lebih tinggi dibandingkan orang kulit putih untuk semua bentuk periodontitis agresif, dan<span style=""> </span>remaja laki-laki juga mempunyai resiko lebih tinggi dari pada remaja perempuan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.4.3<span style=""> </span>Faktor Resiko Terjadinya Periodontitis Agresif<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.4.3.1<span style=""> </span>Faktor Mirobiologi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Meskipun beberapa mikroorganisme spesifik seringkali terdeteksi pada pasien <i style="">localized aggressive periodontitis</i> (<i style="">A.actinomycetemcomitans, Capnocytophaga spp., Eikenella corrodens, Prevotella intermedia </i>dan <i style="">Campylobacter rectus). A.actinomycetemcomitans </i>disebutkan sebagai patogen primer. Seperti yang disimpulkan oleh Tonetti dan Mombelli:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN">A.actinomycetemcomitans </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">ditemukan dengan jumlah tinggi pada karakteristik lesi dari LAP (kira-kira 90%).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span></i></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Tempat dengan bukti adanya progresi lesi seringnya menunjukan peningkatan level <i style="">A.actinomycetemcomitans.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span></i></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Beberapa pasien dengan manifestasi klinis LAP mempunyai serum antibody yang meningkat secara signifikan terhadap <i style="">A.actinomycetemcomitans.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Adanya hubungan antara pengurangan beban di subgingival oleh <i style="">A.actinomycetemcomitans </i>selama pengobatan dan kesuksesan respon klinis.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">5.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN">A.actinomycetemcomitans </span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>menghasilkan sejumlah faktor virulen yang dapat memberikan pengaruh terhadap proses penyakit.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Flora yang menyerang secara morfologi campuran namun sebagian besar oleh bakteri gram negatif, meliputi kokus, batang, filamen, dan <i style="">spirochetes</i>. Beberapa jaringan terserang mikroorganisme yang telah diidentifikasi sebagai <i style="">A.actinomycetemcomitans, Capnocytophaga sputigena, Mycoplasma sp</i>., dan<i style=""> spirochetes.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.4.3.2 Faktor Imunologi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Beberapa kerusakan imun mempunyai hubungan dengan patogenesis penyakit periodontitis. Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), yang mengatur respon imun, telah dipertimbangkan sebagai tanda untuk periodontis agresif. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Meskipun HLAs tidak konsisten, antigen HLA A9 DAN B15 konsisten berhubungan dengan periodontis agresif.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Beberapa investigasi, menunjukan bahwa pasien dengan periodontitis agresif menggambarkan kerusakan fungsional polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), monocyt, atau keduanya. Kerusakan ini dapat dilemahkan dengan aktifitas kemotaksis dari PMNs pada tempat yang terinfeksi atau dengan kemampuan fagositosit dan membunuh organisme. Penelitian saat ini juga diperlihatkan suatu hipersensitifitas monosit dari pasien LAP yang melibatkan produksi prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) mereka saat merespon lipopolisakarida (LPS). Hiperresponsif fenotip ini dapat mengawali peningkatan hilangnya jaringan ikat dan tulang yang disebabkan oleh produksi yang berlebihan faktor katabolik.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Sistem imun mempunyai peranan penting dalam periodontitis agresif sistemik, menurut Anusaksathien dan Dolby, orang yang menemukan antibodi pada <i style="">host</i> yaitu kolagen, deoxiribonucleic acid (DNA) dan IgG. Mekanisme imun yang mungkin meliputi peningkatan aktifitas major histocompaibility complex (MHC) molekul kelas II, HLA, DR4, suppresor fungsi sel T, aktifasi polyclonal sel B oleh mikroba plak dan predisposisi genetik.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.4.3.3<span style=""> </span>Faktor Genetik<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa semua individu tidak memiliki kemungkinan yang sama terkena periodontitis agresif. Secara spesifik dideskripsikan bahwa faktor genetik memiliki implikasi dalam periodontitis agresif. Saat ini, gen spesifik yang merespon penyakit ini belum dapat diidentifikasikan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Kerusakan imunologi yang berhubungan dengan periodontitis agresif dapat diturunkan secara genetik. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa respon antibodi terhadap patogen periodontal, termasuk <i style="">A. actinomycetemcomitans</i> di bawah kontrol genetik. Jumlah dari antibodi protektif (terutama IgG2) tergantung dari ras.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.4.3.4<span style=""> </span>Faktor Lingkungan<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Jumlah dan lamanya merokok merupakan variabel yang penting yang berpengaruh terhadap kerusakan pada dewasa muda. Pasien penyakit <i style="">generalized aggressive periodontitis</i> yang mempunyai kebiasaan merokok memiliki lebih banyak gigi yang terserang dan hilangnya perlekatan klinis yang lebih besar dibandingkan pasien GAP yang tidak merokok. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.5 Periodontitis Ulseratif Nekrosis<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis (NUP) merupakan perpanjangan dari NUG ke struktur periodontal. Di sisi lain, NUP dan NUG merupakan penyakit yang berbeda.<span style=""> </span>Hingga perbedaan antara NUG dan NUP dapat dinyatakan ‘diterima’ atau ‘tidak diterima’<span style=""> </span>dianjurkan bahwa NUG dan NUP diklasifikasikan bersama di bawah kategori <i style="">necrotizing periodontal disease </i>walaupun dengan tingkat keparahan yang<span style=""> </span>berbeda-beda.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.5.1<span style=""> </span>Karakteristik NUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Secara spesifik banyak kasus NUP disebutkan pada pasien immuno-compromised, khususnya pada mereka yang mengidap HIV positif atau yang memiliki AIDS. Klasifikasi kembali NUP dan NUG pada tahun 1999 termasuk pemisahan diagnosis dibawah klasifikasi <i style="">Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontal disease</i>. Perbedaan antara kedua kondisi tersebut sebagai penyakit yang berbeda belum diklasifikasi. Namun mereka dibedakan berdasarkan ada atau tidak adanya kehilangan <i style="">attachment</i> dan tulang.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.5.1.1<span style=""> </span>Gambaran Klinik<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Sama dengan NUG, kasus klinis NUP ditunjukan oleh nekrosis dan ulserasi pada bagian mahkota dari papila interdental dan margin gingival dengan rasa nyeri dan mudah berdarah. Ciri khas<span style=""> </span>yang membedakan NUP yaitu progresi kerusakan penyakit termasuk hilangnya periodontal <i style="">attachment</i> dan tulang.<span style=""> </span>Akan tetapi poket<span style=""> </span>periodontal dengan pemeriksaan yang dalam tidak ditemukan dikarenakan ulseratif dan nekrosis pada lesi gingival menghancurkan epitelium marginal dan jaringan ikat, yang menghasilkan resesi gingiva.<span style=""> </span>Lesi NUP yang berkelanjutan mengakibatkan hilangnya tulang, pergerakan gigi, dan akhirnya kehilangan gigi. Manifestasi intraoral pada kasus ini biasanya adalah demam, <i style="">oral malodor</i>, <i style="">malaise</i>, atau <i style="">lymphadenopathy</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.5.1.2 Gambaran Mikroskopis<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Dalam mikroskopik elektron plak mikroba menutupi nekrotik papila gingival, menemukan kemiripan histologi yang mencolok<span style=""> </span>antara NUP pada pasien HIV positif dan lesi NUG pada pasien non-HIV. Pemeriksaan mikroskopik menunjukkan permukaan biofilm terdiri dari campuran flora mikroba dengan perbedaan <i style="">morpho-type </i>dan permukaan flora degan kumpulan <i style="">spirochetes (bacterial zone)</i>. Di bawah lapisan bakteri adalah kumpulan PMNs (<i style="">neutrofil rich-zone</i>) yang padat dan sel nekrotik (<i style="">necrotic zone</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.5.2<span style=""> </span>NUP pada HIV/AIDS<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Lesi gingival dan periodontal<span style=""> </span>dengan ciri yang khas sering ditemukan pada pasien dengan infeksi HIV dan AIDS.<span style=""> </span>Banyak dari lesi ini yang memiliki manifestasi inflamasi periodontal yang tidak biasa dan mengarah ke infeksi HIV dan pasien yang dinyatakan <i style="">immunocompromised</i>. NUG dan NUP adalah kondisi yang paling sering dialami oleh pasien-pasien yang mengidap HIV .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Lesi NUP yang ditemukan pada pasien HIV positif menunjukan ciri-ciri khas yang mirip dengan yang nampak pada pasien HIV negatif. Di sisi lain, lesi NUP pada pasien HIV-positif dapat lebih membahayakan dan lebih banyak komplikasi dibanding dengan pasien HIV negatif. Bentuk nekrosis periodontitis tampak lebih menonjol dan lebih parah pada pasien dengan <i style="">immunosupression</i>.. Glick et al, menemukan hubungan korelasi yang tinggi antara diagnosis NUP dan <i style="">immunosupression</i> pada pasien HIV positif.<span style=""> </span>Pasien tersebut menunjukan NUP 20.8 kali lebih mungkin memiliki CD4+ dibawah 200 cells/mm dibandingkan dengan pasien HIV positif tanpa NUP.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.5.3<span style=""> </span>Etiologi NUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Etiologi dari NUP belum ditentukan, walaupun campuran bakteri <i style="">fusiform-spirochete </i>dianggap memegang peran utama. Banyak faktor predisposisi yang menyebabkan NUG, termasuk kebersihan oral yang rendah, penyakit periodontal sebelumnya, merokok, infeksi virus, status <i style="">immunocompromised</i>, stress psikososial dan malnutrisi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.5.3.1<span style=""> </span>Flora Mikroba<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Murray et al melaporkan bahwa kasus NUP pada pasien HIV-positif menunjukkan terdapat banyaknya <i style="">Candida albicans</i> dan prevalensi lebih tinggi dari <i style="">Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans,Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum</i>, dan <i style="">Campylobacte </i>dibandingkan dengan HIV negatif. Mereka melaporkan tingkatan yang rendah dari <i style="">spirochetes</i>, yang tidak konsisten dengan flora pada NUG. Mereka juga berpendapat bahwa flora lesi NUP HIV-positif sebanding dengan lesi periodontitis kronik klasik sehingga mendukung konsep mereka bahwa periodontitis nekrosis pada pasien HIV-positif adalah manifestasi agresif periodontitis kronis pada <i style="">host</i> yang <i style="">immunocompromised.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Berbeda dengan temuan ini, Cobb et al melaporkan bahwa komposisi mikroba NUP lesi pada pasien HIV-positif sangat mirip dengan lesi NUG, seperti yang dibahas sebelumnya. Mereka menggambarkan campuran flora mikroba dengan berbagai <i style="">morphotypes</i> di 81,3% dari spesimen. Di bawah permukaan flora mikroba terdapat kumpulan spirochetes di 87,5% dari spesimen.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.5.3.2<span style=""> </span>Status Immunocompromised<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Baik lesi NUG dan NUP lebih prevalensi pada pasien dengan tekanan sistem imun. Sejumlah penelitian, terutama yang mengevaluasi HIV-positif dan pasien AIDS, mendukung konsep bahwa respon<i style=""> host</i><span style=""> </span>berkurang pada orang-orang yang didiagnosis terkena NUP. Dimana <i style="">immunocompromised </i>pada pasien yang terinfeksi HIV positif ini didukung oleh kerusakan fungsi <i style="">T-cell</i>. Cutler et al menjelaskan kerusakan aktivitas bakterisida PMNs pada dua anak yang mengidap NUP. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.5.3.3<span style=""> </span>Stres Psikologi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Cohen-cole et al menyatakan bahwa mereka yang memiliki NUG memiliki tingkat kemarahan, tingkat depresi, dan tingkat stres lebih besar. Walaupun peran stres dalam pengembangan NUP tidak dilaporkan secara khusus banyak kesamaan antara NUG dan NUP akan menunjukkan bahwa hubungan serupa dengan stres mungkin ada. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Mekanisme pengaruhi stres pada penderita NUP belum ditetapkan. Namun, diketahui bahwa stres meningkatkan kortisol sistemik, dan peningkatan kortison dapat menurunkan sistem imun. Jadi stres akibat imunosupresi dapat merusak respon <i style="">host </i>dan menyebabkan penyakit nekrosis periodontal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.5.3.4 Malnutrisi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Bukti langsung hubungan antara malnutrisi dan penyakit nekrosis periodontal terlihat pada infeksi nekrosis pada beberapa anak yang mengalami malnutrisi. Lesi NUG tetapi dengan progresi menjadi <i style="">gangreous stomatitis</i> atau <i style="">noma</i> tergambarkan pada anak-anak yang menderita malnutrisi. Pada tahap lebih lanjut, lesi NUG memanjang dari gingiva ke beberapa area lain dari kavitas oral, menjadi <i style="">gangrenous stomatitis (noma</i>) dan menyebabkan nekrosis, dan hilangnya tulang alveolar.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Malnutrisi dapat menyebabkan hilangnya resistensi <i style="">host</i> terhadap infeksi dan penyakit nekrotis. Kekurangan nutrisi pada sel dan jaringan berakibat immunosupresi dan mudahnya terkena penyakit.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="FI">2.6<span style=""> </span>Patologi dan Penatalaksanaan Periodontal pada Pasien Terinfeksi</span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI"> <b style="">HIV<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="FI">2.6.1<span style=""> </span>Patogenesis<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ditandai oleh penurunan yang jelas dari sistem imun. Keadaan ini pertama kali dilaporkan pada tahun 1981, dan suatu virus patogen, yakni virus human immunodefiency virus (HIV), diidentifikasi pada tahun 1984. Kondisi ini awalnya dipercaya hanya terbatas di kalangan pria homoseksual. Lebih lanjut, juga diidentifikasi pada pria dan wanita heteroseksual dan biseksual yang terlibat dalam aktivitas seksual tak terlindungi atau pemakaian obat-obatan suntik. Saat ini, aktivitas seksual dan penggunan obat-obatan merupakan cara penyebaran yang utama.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">HIV mempunyai afinitas yang kuat untuk sel pada sistem imun, lebih spesifik kepada yang membawa molekul reseptor permukaan sel CD4. Kemudian, yang membantu limfosit T (sel T4) cukup jelas terpengaruh, namun monosit, makrofag, sel Langerhans, dan beberapa sel otak neuronal dan glial juga terlibat. Replikasi virus terjadi secara berkelanjutan di jaringan <i style="">limforetikular</i> dari <i style="">lymph nodes</i>, <i style="">spleen</i>, <i style="">gut-associated lymphoid cells</i>, dan <i style="">makrofag.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Limfosit B tidak terinfeksi, tapi fungsi pengganti dari limfosit T4 yang terinfeksi menyebabkan disregulasi sel B dan penggantian fungsi neutrofil. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Ini dapat menempatkan individu HIV positif pada resiko infeksi ganas dan disseminasi dengan mikroorganisme seperti virus, mycobacterioses, dan mycoses. Individu HIV positif juga beresiko terhadap reaksi berlawanan obat karena perubahan regulasi antigenik.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Sel epitel mukosa dapat terinfeksi dan mempermudah akses virus ke aliran darah. Banyak kejadian, mengindikasikan jika penyebaran virus oral transmucosal terjadi setelah trauma dari membran mukosa. Ini membuat infeksi sirkulasi pertahanan sel inang seperti limfosit, makrofag, dan sel dendrit.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">HIV dideteksi hampir di seluruh cairan tubuh, meskipun ditemukan dalam jumlah besar hanya dalam darah, semen, dan cairan serebrospinal. Penyebarannya terjadi di hampir secara eksklusif oleh kontak seksual, penggunaan obat suntik terlarang, atau paparan pada darah atau produk darah. Penyebaran dengan gigitan manusia sempat dilaporkan meskipun resikonya sangat rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Populasi yang beresiko tinggi termasuk pria homoseksual dan biseksual, pengguna obat-obatan suntik ilegal, orang dengan hemofilia atau kelainan koagulasi lainnya, penerima transfusi darah sebelum April 1985; bayi dari ibu yang terinfeksi HIV (yang transmisinya terjasi karena transmisi fetal, saat melahirkan, atau ketika menyusui); hubungan heteroseksual bebas; dan individu yang melakukan hubungan seks dengan orang yang HIV positif. Penyebaran heteroseksual merupakan sebab AIDS yang paling umum dalam populasi dunia dan ini bertambah secara signifikan di Amerika Serikat. Penyebaran lebih sering terjadi melalui kontak dengan individu yang terinfeksi HIV dengan plasma bioload tinggi dari virus. Penyebaran HIV juga dilaporkan terjadi melalui transplantasi organ dan inseminasi artifisal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">2.6.2<span style=""> </span></span></b><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">Epidemiologi dan Demografi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Pada 31 Desember 2002, 886.575 kasus AIDS telah dilaporkan di Amerika Serikat, dan 501.69 kematian dihubungkan dengan sindrom ini. Peningkatan jumlah pasien dengan AIDS di Amerika Serikat dan negara berkembang lainnya mengakibatkan bagian dari perpanjangan usaha pertahanan hidup sejak adanya terapi multi obat anti-HIV. WHO memperkirakan bahwa sebanyak 38 juta orang di seluruh dunia telah terinfeksi oleh satu dari sepuluh subtipe HIV yang telah diketahui. Meskipun angka peningkatan infeksi sedikit menurun di negara berkembang, angka ini sudah merupakan penambahan sebanyak 40 juta orang di abad 21. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">AIDS mempengaruhi individu di segala usia, namun lebih dari 98% kasus terjadi pada orang dewasa dan remaja diatas 12 tahun. Penderita paling utama di Amerika Serikat adalah pria, yang 54% diantaranya adalah homoseksual maupun biseksual. Sekitar 12% dari kelompok ini merupakan pengguna obat-obatan suntik terlarang. Penambahan 27% dari infeksi secara eksklusif melalui penggunaan obat suntik, dan 15% dari keseluruhan pasien dengan AIDS di Amerika Serikat terjangkit infeksi karena kontak seksual. Lebih dari 19 % penderita AIDS adalah wanita, yang umumnya berhubungan seks dengan pengguna obat-obatan intravena atau pria biseksual. Wanita lainnya dengan AIDS merupakan kelahiran negara seperti Haiti atau negara Afrika lainnya yang memiliki insidensi tinggi di mana penyebaran utamanya melalui kontak heteroseksual. Hanya 1% individu yang terjangkit AIDS dari produk darah atau transfusi darah di Amerika Serikat. Model penyebaran ini berlanjut menjadi ancaman, bahkan di negara tidak berkembang. Tingginya jumlah pria homoseksual<span style=""> </span>kulit hitam dan Hispanic, pria dan wanita heteroseksual, dan anak-anak yang terjangkit dari wanita yang terkena infeksi HIV. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Penyebaran melalui pekerja kesehatan ke pasien telah dilaporkan pada 3 kasus, salah satunya adalah dokter gigi yang menginfeksi 6 pasien secara sengaja maupun tidak. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">2.6.3<span style=""> </span>Klasifikasi dan Tahap<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Pada tahun 1982 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) mengembangkan definisi kasus untuk AIDS berdasarkan adanya penyakit oportunistik atau keganasan sekunder yang mengakibatkan ketahanan mediasi sel pada individu HIV positif. Pada 1993 revisi ditambahkan dengan kanker serviks pada wanita, bacillary tuberculosis, dan pneumonia berulang pada pembentukan AIDS. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Perubahan paling signifikan dalam definisi kasus CDC yang paling umum adalah inklusi beberapa imunodefisiensi (T4 limfosit dihitung <200/mm3></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Angka individu yang hidup dengan AIDS di Amerika Serikat bertambah pesat beberapa tahun terkhir karena besarnya perkembangan dari <i style="">highly active antiretroviral therapy </i>(HAART), yang mengkombinasikan beragam obat antiretroviral, protease inhibitor, dan fusion inhibitor. Individu yang dirawat dengan HAART akan mengalami peningkatan level sel T4 dan peningkatan muatan plasma viral. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Beberapa minggu setelah exposure awal, beberapa pasien dapat mengalami beberapa gejala akut seperti onset tiba-tiba dari penyakit mononucleus-like akut yang ditandai dengan malaise, kelelahan, demam, myalgia, erupsi erythematous cutaneous, oral candidiasis, oral ulceration, dan trombositopenia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Klasifikasi Kasus Pengawasan CDC:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Pasien AIDS dikelompokkan berdasarkan klasifikasi kasus pengawasan CDC (1993):<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">1. Kategori A: termasuk pasien dengan gejala akut atau penyakit simptomatik, bersamaan dengan individu dengan generalized limfadenopati persisten, dengan atau tanpa malaise, kelelahan, atau demam tingkat rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">2. Kategori B: pasien yang memiliki kondisi simptomatik seperti oropharyngeal atau vulvovaginal candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, trombositopenia idiopatik, atau gejala konstitusional dari demam, diare, dan berkurangnya berat badan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN">3. Kategori C: pasien dengan AIDS, yang bermanifestasi oleh kondisi life-threatening atau diidentifikasikan melalui level CD4+ limfosit T dibawah 200 sel/mm<sup>3</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span><i style="">Kategori tahapan CDC menunjukkan disfungsi imunologik yang progresif, namut pasien tidak mengalami progres secara urut terhadap ketiga tahapan tersebut, dan perkiraan jumlah kategori ini tidak diketahui. Meskipun HAART memberikan berbagai efek samping, banyak pusat perawatan AIDS tetap menggunakannya dengan memulai atau melanjutkannya dengan terapi multi obat.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IT"><span style="">2.6.4<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span></b><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IT">Manifestasi Oral dan Periodontal pada<span style=""> </span>Infeksi HIV<o:p></o:p></span></b></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IT"><span style=""> </span>Lesi oral seringkali ditemukan pada pasien yang terinfeksi HIV, walaupun faktor geografi dan lingkungan juga mempengaruhi.<span style=""> </span>Dari laporan yang ada mengindikasikan bahwa sebagian besar pasien HIV memiliki lesi pada kepala dan leher, sedangkan lesi oral sangat umum terdapat pada individu yang positif terinfeksi HIV tetapi belum menderita AIDS. Beberapa laporan telah mengidentifikasikan hubungan yang sangat kuat antara infeksi HIV <i style="">dengan oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, atypical periodontal disease, oral Kaposi’s Sarcoma, dan oral non-Hodgkin lymphoma.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IT"><span style=""> </span>Lesi oral yang memiliki sedikit hubungan kuat<span style=""> </span>dengan infeksi HIV antara lain <i style="">melanotic hyperpigmentation, mycobacterial infection, necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis, miscellaneous oral oral ulceration,<span style=""> </span>dan infeksi viral ( herpes simplex virus, herpes zoster, condyloma acuminatum).</i> Lesi yang terdapat pada pasien HIV tetapi seringkali tidak terdeteksi adalah infeksi viral (seperti <i style="">CMV, molluscum contangiosum</i>), <i style="">recurrent aphthous stomatitis</i>, dan <i style="">bacillary angiomatosis (epitheloid angiomatosis).</i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IT"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IT">Oral Candidiasis<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IT">Candida</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IT">, jamur yang ditemukan sebagai flora normal ronnga mulut, berproliferasi pada permukaan mukosa oral pada kondisi tertentu. Faktor utama yang berhubungan dengan pertumbuhan yang berlebihan dari <i style="">Candida </i>adalah berkurangnya resistensi dari host, seperti yang terlihat pada pasien yang lemah atau pasien yang menerima terapi imunosupresi. Insidensi dari infeksi candida akan meningkat secara progresif dalam hubungannya dengan menurunnya kompetensi imun. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IT"><span style=""> </span>Candidiasis adalah lesi oral yang paling umum pada HIV-infected dan ditemukan pada sekitar 90% penderita AIDS. Biasanya terdapat satu dari empat presentasi klinis:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IT"><span style="">a.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span></b><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IT">Pseodomembranus candidiasis</span></i></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IT"> (thrush), muncul sebagai lesi putih yang sedikit sensitive dan tidak sakit yang dapat segera<span style=""> </span>dikikis dan diangkat dari permukaan mukosa oral. Tipe ini sering terdapat pada palatum keras dan lunak dan pada mukosa labial dan bukal.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IT"><span style="">b.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span></b><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IT">Erythematous candidiasis</span></i></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IT">, dapat muncul sebagai komponen dari tipe pseudomembranous, tampak seperti potongan kecil (patches) berwarna merah pada mukosa bukal dan palatal, atau dapat juga berhubungan dengan depapilasi dari lidah.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">c.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span></b><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IT">Hyperplastic candidiasis</span></i></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IT">, bentuk yang paling jarang muncul dan dapat terlihat pada mukosa bukal dan lidah. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Tipe ini lebih sulit untuk dihilangkan dibandingkan yang lainnya.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">d.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span></b><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";" lang="IN">Angular cheilitis</span></i></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">, komisura (commissure) yang tampak erythematous<span style=""> </span>dengan permukaan berkrusta dan bercelah(fissure).<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Diagnosis dari candidiasis dilakukan dengan pemeriksaan mikroskopis dari sampel jaringan atau smear dari material yang diambil dari lesi tersebut, yang menunjukkan bentuk hifa dan <i style="">yeast</i> dari organisme tersebut. Kebanyakan pasien terdapat oral candidiasis dan esophageal candidiasis, tanda diagnostik untuk AIDS.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Walaupun candidiasis pada pasien terinfeksi HIV dapat merespon pemberian terapi antifungal, biasanya sulit disembuhkan atau rekuren. Sebanyak 10 % organisme candida menjadi resisten pada terapi jangka panjang dari flukonazole, dan cross-resistance pada agen antifungal lainnya dapat terjadi termasuk itrakonazole, amphoterecine B, suspense oral, dan amphoterecine B intravena. Candidiasis yang resisten lebih sering terdapat pada individu yang memiliki jumlah CD4 dibawah garis dasar. Penggunaan jangka panjang ketokonazole dapat menyebabkan kerusakan liver pada individu dengan pre-existent penyakit liver. Banyak dari infeksi hepatitis B kronik pada individu terinfeksi HIV dapat membawa pasien pada resiko kerusakan liver karena ketokonazole.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Laporan yang baru diterima mengindikasikan bahwa pemberian kombinasi obat antiretroviral dan protease inhibitor pada infeksi HIV menghasilkan penurunan yang signifikan dari insidensi orofaringeal candidiasis dan oral candidal carriage dan telah menurunkan angka resistensi terhadap flukonazole.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">Oral Hairy Leukoplakia</span></i></b><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"> (OHL)<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">Oral hairy leukoplakia</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN"> (OHL) terutama terjadi pada individu yang terinfeksi HIV. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Ditemukan pada batas lateral dari lidah, dan biasanya tersebar bilateral dan dapat meluas sampai ventrum. Lesi ini bersifat asimptomatik dan memiliki<span style=""> </span>area keratotik yang batasnya kurang jelas dengan rentang ukuran dari beberapa millimeter sampai sentimeter.<span style=""> </span>Seringkali memiliki karakteristik vertical striation, yang memberikan gambaran seperti ombak (corrugated),<span style=""> </span>atau permukaannya mungkin berbulu dan muncul “hairy” (rambut) ketika kering. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">OHL ditemukan hampir secara khusus pada batas lateral lidah, walaupun juga pernah dilaporkan terdapat pada dorsum lidah, mukosa bukal, dasar mulut, area retromolar, dan palatum lunak. Sebagai tambahan, kebanyakan dari lesi ini menunjukkan kolonisasi pada permukaannya oleh organisme <i style="">Candida, </i>yang merupakan <i style="">secondary invander </i>dan bukan merupakan penyebab dari lesi ini.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Gambaran mikroskopik dari OHL yang terdapat pada lidah pada high-risk patient dipertimbangkan sebagai tanda awal yang spesifik dari infeksi HIV dan sebagai indikator kuat bahwa pasien akan menderita AIDS. Dari analysis yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa 83% pasien yang terinfeksi HIV dengan hairy leukoplakia akan berkembang menjadi AIDS dalam waktu 31 bulan dan jumlah pasien dengan hairy leukoplakia yang dengan cepat berkembang menjadi AIDS mendekati 100%. Penggunaan HAART, bagaimanapun juga, telah menurunkan insidensi OHL. Jika OHL tetap terjadi meskipun telah mengkonsumsi HAART, ini menggambarkan meningkatnya imunodefisiensi dikarenakan kegagalan terapetik, kesalahan dalam mengkonsumsi obat sesuai resep, atau mengurangi dosis obat untuk menurunkan efek samping obat. Perawatan OHL yang terlalu berlebihan biasanya tidak diindikasikan. Bagaimanapun juga, lesi biasanya merespon terapi obat HIV atau penggunaan obat antivirus seperti acyclovir atau valacyclovir. Lesi dapat seluruhnya dihilangkan dengan menggunakan laser atau pembedahan konvensional. Juga terdapat penggunaan obat-obatan topikal seperti podophylin, retinoid, atau interferon.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="FI">Kaposi’s Sarcoma dan Keganasan Lainnya<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Keganasan dalam rongga mulut lebih sering terjadi pada individu imunokompromis dibandingkan pada populasi umum. Individu HIV-positif dengan <i style="">non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) atau Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) </i>dikategorikan mengidap AIDS. Insidensi dari squamous cell carcinoma juga meningkat pada individu yang terinfeksi HIV.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">KS adalah keganasan dalam rongga mulut paling sering yang terdapat pada AIDS. Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) jarang terjadi, multifocal, neoplasma vascular. Baru-baru ini, strain baru dari herpes virus telah diidentifikasi sangat berhubungan dengan terjadinya KS. Virus ini pada awalnya dinamakan <i style="">KS-herpes virus </i>tetapi sekarang ini lebih dikenal sebagai <i style="">human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8).</i> <i style="">HHV-8 telah dihubungkan dengan AIDS-related </i>dengan <i style="">AIDS-non related KS. </i>Walaupun begitu, individu yang terinfeksi HIV memiliki resiko 7000 kali lebih besar untuk terkena KS. Walaupun virus ini virus ini dapat ditransmisikan secara seksual, virus ini juga dapat ditransmisikan dari ibu yang terinfeksi kepada anaknya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">KS yang terdapat pada pasien terinfeksi HIV muncul dalam gambaran klinis yang berbeda-beda. Pada individu ini, KS menjadi lesi yang lebih agresif dan mayoritas (71%) berkembang menjadi lesi pada mukosa oral,terutama pada palatum dan gingival. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Pada stadium awal, lesi oral tidak sakit, macula berwarna ungu kemerah-merahan. Selama lesi berkembang, lesi ini sering menjadi nodular<span style=""> </span>dan dengan mudah menjadi sulit dibedakan dengan kesatuan vascular oral lainnya<b style=""> </b>seperti hemangioma, hematoma, varicosity, atau pyogenic ganuloma (ketika terjadi di gingival).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Lesi-lesinya bermanifestasi sebagai nodul, papula, atau macula nonelevated yang biasanya berwarna cokelat, ungu, atau biru. Terkadang lesi ini dapat terlihat dalam pigmentasi normal. Diagnosis berdasarkan pemeriksaan histologis.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Secara mikroskopis KS terdiri dari empat komponen; (1)proliferasi sel endothelial<span style=""> </span>dengan formasi dari saluran vascular atypical;(2) extravascular hemorrhage dengan deposisi hemosiderin;(3) proliferasi sel spindle dalam hubungannya dengan pembuluh atypical;(4) infiltrat inflamasi mononuclear yang terutama terdiri dari sel-sel plasma.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Diagnosis diferensial dari oral KS termasuk granuloma pyogenicum, hemangioma, atypical hyperpigmentation, sarcoidosis, bacillary angiomatosis, angiosarcoma, pigmented nevi, dan cat-scratch disease (kulit).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Pemberian HAART telah menurunkan insidensi dari KS. Bagaimanapun juga, lesi masih dapat ditemukan pada individu imunokompromis yang hebat atau mereka yang tidak mengetahui status HIV-positif mereka. HHV-8 dapat ditemukan lebih banyak pada saliva individu HIV-positif dengan jumlah sel CD4 yang lebih banyak, dapat menunjukkan penyebaran virus pada tahap awal proses penyakit.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Penanganan oral KS antara lain agen antiretroviral, laser excision, cryotherapy,terapi radiasi, dan intralesional injection dengan menggunakan vinblastine, interferon-</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">α</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">, sclerosing agents, atau obat-obat kemoterapi lainnya. Nichols dkk mengungkapkan keuntungan menggunakan injeksi intralesi dengan menggunakan vinblastine dengan dosis 0.1 mg/cm2, 0.2 mg/ml solution sulfate dalam saline. Perawatan diulang dalam interval 2 minggu sampai resolusi atau lesi stabil. Efek sampingnya adalah beberapa nyeri setelah perawatan dan kadang-kadang ulcerasi pada lesi., tetapi secara umum, terapi sudah baik. Total resolusi yang didapat dalam 70% dari 82 lesi intraoral KS dengan satu sampai enam kali perawatan. Lesi cenderung muncul kembali, bagaimanapun juga, mengindikasikan bahwa perawatan harus tersedia untuk lesi oral KS yang mudah traumatisasi atau mengganggu pengunyahan atau penelanan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Bacillary</span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"> <b style="">(Epitheloid) Agiomatosis<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Bacillary (epitheloid) angiomatosis (BA)</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"> adalah infeksi<span style=""> </span>penyakit proliferasi vascular dengan gambaran klinis dan histologis sangat mirip dengan KS. BA disebabkan oleh organism mirip ricketsia. <i style="">Bartonellaclae henselia, quintata</i>, dan lainnya. Lesi kulit mirip dengan yang terlihat pada KS atau cat-scratch disease. Manifestasi gingiva dari BA berupa lesi jaringan lunak yang edematous berwarna merah, ungu, atau biru yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan ligament periodontal dan tulang. Kondisi ini ebih sering terjadi pada individu HIV-positif dengan level CD4 rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Diferensiasi BA dari KS berdasarkan biopsy, yang menunjukkan proliferasi “epiteloid” dari sel angiogenik ditambah adanya infiltrat sel inflamasi akut. Organisme penyebab<span style=""> </span>pada spesimen biopsi terkadang bereaksi dengan pewarna perak Warthen-Starry atau dengan menggunakan mikroskop electron.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Diagnosis banding untuk BA termasuk KS, angiosarcoma, hemangioma, granuloma pyogenicum, dan proliferasi vascular nonspesifik. BA biasanya ditangani dengan menggunakan antibiotic spectrum luas seperti erythromycin atau doxycycline. Lesi gingiva ditangani dengan menggunakan antibiotik bersama dengan terapi periodontal konservatif dan mungkin eksisi lesi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4" spid="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:192.75pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\NIWADA~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image019.jpg" title="ba1"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/NIWADA%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.jpg" shapes="Picture_x0020_4" width="257" height="240" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Oral Hyperpigmentation<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Peningkatan insidensi <i style="">oral hyperpigmentation</i> telah dideskripsikan pada pasien HIV-infected. Area pigmentasi oral sering muncul sebagai bintik (spot) atau bercak<b style=""> </b>pada mukosa bukal, palatum, gingival, atau lidah. Terkadang pigmentasi juga berhubungan dengan pemakaian obat-obatan yang berkepanjangan seperti zidovudine, ketokonazole, atau clotazimine. Pigmentasi oral juga sebagai hasil dari insufisiensi adrenocorticoid yang diinduksi oleh individu HIV-positif yang menggunakan ketokonazole yang berkepanjangan atau karena infeksi <i style="">Pneumocyystis carinii, </i>CMV atau infeksi virus lainnya. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Atypical Ulcers<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Ulserasi pada rongga mulut pada orang yang terjangkit HIV dapat mempunyai beragam etiologi<span style=""> </span>termasuk neoplasma seperti lymphoma, KS dan squamous cell carcinoma. Laporan kasus terbaru menyatakan bahwa HIV-diasosiasikan dengan neutropenia dapat juga menunjukan suatu ulcer. Neutropenia telah berhasil dilakukan dengan menggunakan rekombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) dengan resolusi dihasilkan dari Ulcer. Keganasan ulser yang berkepanjangan telah berhasil diatasi menggunakan prednisone dan thalidomide, obat yang menghambat tissue necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α). Kekambuhan kemungkinan terjadi, jika obatnya dihentikan. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Herpes dapat melibatkan semua permukaan mucosal dan berkembang ke kulit dapat nampak selama berbulan – bulan. Pembesaran tidak teratur, persisten, nonspesifik, Ulcer yang menyakitkan terjadi pada<span style=""> </span>seseorang yang immunocompromised. Jika penyembuhan ditunda, luka ini dapat menjadi herpetic yang<span style=""> </span>menetap atau luka aphthous. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Sejumlah bakteri dan infeksi viral dapat menghasilkan ulcer pada seseorang yang terjangkit HIV. Pada dasarnya, seseorang yang immunocompromised beresiko dari penularan agen endemik pada lokasi geografis pasien.<span style=""> </span>Ulser tidak teratur atau tidak sembuh dapat<span style=""> </span>memerlukan biopsi, kultur mikrobial,<span style=""> </span>atau keduanya untuk menentukan etiologi.<span style=""> </span>Ulser telah digambarkan dalam hubungannya dengan organisme enterobacterial seperti <i style="">Klebsiella pneumonia</i>, <i style="">Enterobacter cloacea</i> dan <i style="">Escherichia coli</i>.<span style=""> </span>Infeksi tersebut adalah langka dan biasanya diasosiasikan dengan pelibatan sistemik.<span style=""> </span>Terapi antibiotik khusus adalah diindikasikan dan koordinasi dekat dari terapi mulut dengan<span style=""> </span>dokter pasien adalah biasanya diperlukan. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) dan Cytomegalovirus (CMV) adalah biasanya didapat kembali dari atypical ulcer, mengindikasikan kemungkinan peran etiologis.<span style=""> </span>Baru – baru ini, atypical ulcer ditemukan dengan infeksi HSV dan CMV atau dengan EBV dan CMV. Ulcer ini dapat terjadi pada seseorang yang neutropenic dalam hubungannya dengan infeksi HIV. Neutropenia dapat juga disebabkan oleh obat seperti zidovudie, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazoic dan gancyclovir. Ulcer tidak teratur dapat menjadi lebih keras dan<span style=""> </span>tahan lama pada seseorang yang rendah perhitungan sel CD4 dan adanya CMV<span style=""> </span>mulut -<span style=""> </span>disebabkan ulcer dapat menjadi indikatif dari infeksi sistemik CMV. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Herpes labialis<span style=""> </span>pada individual yang terjangkit HIV dapat menjadi responsif pada terapi antiviral topikal (sebagai contoh., acyclovir, pencyclovir, doconasol), untuk mengurangi waktu penyembuhan<span style=""> </span>atau luka dapat memerlukan penggunaan agen sistemik antiviral (sebagai contoh., acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Recurrent aphtous stomatitis</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"> (RAS) telah digambarkan pada pasien yang terjangkit HIV. RAS dapat terjadi, akan tetapi sebagai komponen inisial<span style=""> </span>penyakit akut dari HIV seroconversion. Insidensi dari major aphtase dapat meningkat dan oropharynx esophagus atau area lain dari saluran gastrointestinal dapat dilibatkan. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Metode untuk kekambuhan aphtous stomatitis termasuk<span style=""> </span>topical atau intralesional corticosteroid, chlorhexidine<span style=""> </span>dari kumuran mulut antimicrobial, oral tetracycline rinse atau topical ammlexanox. Terapi systemic corticosteroid dapat diperlukan dalam beberapa kasus. Akibatnya, pada pasien dengan infeksi HIV dan kekambuhan aphtase, sangat berhubungan medis dan terapi gigi dapat diperlukan. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Infeksi viral oral pada pasien immunocompromised adalah dengan acyclovir (200-800 mg<span style=""> </span>lima kali sehari untuk setidaknya 10 hari). Terapi pemeliharaan harian secara berurutan (200 mg dua hingga lima kali sehari) dapat diperlukan untuk mencegah kekambuhan. Resisten viral strain diperlakukan dengan foscarnet, ganciclovir atau valacyclovir. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Terapi corticosteroid topical (fluocinonide gel digunakan tiga hingga lima kali sehari) aman untuk mencegah terjadinya kekambuhan ulcer aphthous atau luka mucosal lain dalam immunocompromosed individual. Akan tetapi, topical corticosteroid dapat mempengaruhi immunocompromised individual pada candidiasis. Akibatnya, pengobatan prophylactic antifungal harus diresepkan. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Biasanya, <i style="">aphtae</i> besar dalam individual yang positif HIV dapat terbukti resisten pada terapi topikal konvensional.<span style=""> </span>Pada pasien ini, konsultasi<span style=""> </span>pengobatan direkomendasikan dan pengadaan dari sistemik kortikosteroid (sebagai contoh prednisone, 40-50 mg setiap hari) atau terapi alternatif (sebagai contoh thalidomide, levamisole, pentoxiifylline) harus dipertimbangkan. Agen ini dapat mempunyai efek samping signifikan, akan tetapi,<span style=""> </span>dan dokter harus tetap waspada atas bukti lain<span style=""> </span>dari reaksi obat yang merugikan. Dalam interaksi dengan pengobatan yang baru saja diresepkan. Karena pada akhirnya semua agen antiviral<span style=""> </span>digunakan dalam perlakuan infeksi HIV mempunyai potensi efek samping merugikan dari interaksi obat, dokter gigi harus mempertimbangkan terapi topikal<span style=""> </span>apabila sesuai. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">2.6.5<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span></b><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Komplikasi Perawatan Gigi <o:p></o:p></span></b></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Komplikasi paskaoperatif meliputi pendarahan, infeksi, lamanya penyembuhan luka) pada pasien dengan HIV/AIDS. Dokter gigi harus hati-hati dalam menangani pasien yang dicurigai terjangkit HIV/AIDS untuk menghindari komplikasi yang tidak semestinya.<span style=""> </span>Akan tetapi,<span style=""> </span>tinjauan sistematis dari literatur mengindikasikan bahwa tindakan pencegahan tidak diperlukan berdasarkan pada status HIV pasien ketika melakukan prosedur perlakuan periodontal seperti dental prohylaxis, scaling dan root planing, operasi periodontal, ekstraksi,<span style=""> </span>dan penempatan implan. Biasanya, bagaimanapun, status kesehatan yang kurang baik dari pasien dengan AIDS dapat membatasi terapi periodontal pada prosedur yang konservatif, minimalnya invasif dan terapi antibiotik dapat diperlukan. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Efek Samping<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Sejumlah<span style=""> </span>obat yang menyebabkan efek samping<span style=""> </span>telah dilaporkan<span style=""> </span>pada pasien positif HIV dan dokter gigi dapat menjadi pertama untuk mengenali reaksi obat mulut. Foscarnet, interferon dan 2-3 dideoxycytidine (DDC) biasanya menyebabkan<span style=""> </span>ulcer dan erythema multiforme telah dilaporkan dengan menggunakan didanosine (DDI). Zidovudine<span style=""> </span>dan ganciclovir dapat menyebabkan leukopenia, Xerostomia dan perubahan sensasi rasa telah digambarkan dalam hubungannya dengan diethyldithiocarbamate (Dithiocarb) pasien<span style=""> </span>positif HIV dipercaya secara umum<span style=""> </span>rentan pada obat menyebabkan <i style="">mucositis</i> dan reaksi obat <i style="">lichenoid</i>. Pada beberapa pasien, ulcer dan mucositis<span style=""> </span>diatasi jika terapi obat dilanjutkan lebih dari 2 hingga 3 minggu, tetapi ketika efek obat<span style=""> </span>adalah keras atau menetap, terapi alternatif dengan obat berbeda harus digunakan. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Obat HAART dapat menyebabkan efek samping merugikan bertingkat dari kondisi menengah relatif seperti pusing<span style=""> </span>hingga pengembangan batu ginjal. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Individual dengan hepatitis C dan bersama infeksi HIV adalah rentan pada liver cirrchosis. Efek merugikan dikenali baru adalah lipodystrophy, kondisi yang mencirikan redistribusi dari lemak tubuh.<span style=""> </span>Individual yang terinfeksi dapat mengembangkan ciri muka kurus kering namun menunjukan<span style=""> </span>lemak perut yang berlebih atau bahkan lapisan lemak pada bagian belakang bahu (buffalo hump/ponggol kerbau). Ini dapat diikuti dengan kekerasan sistemik hyperlipide.<span style=""> </span>Efek reaksi merugikan lain dari HAART termasuk peningkatan resistensi insulin, gynecomastia, toxic epidermal necrolysis, dyscrasias darah,<span style=""> </span>dan kemungkinan peningkatan insidensi dari kutil mulut. Laporan mulut lainnya atau efek merugikan perioral termasuk reaksi oral lichenoid, xerostomia, perubahan sensasi darah, perioral paresthesia dan exfollative chellitis. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">(Figur 34-24 dan 34-25) <b><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><span style="">2.6.6<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span></b><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Penyakit Gingiva dan Periodontal pada Pasien HIV<o:p></o:p></span></b></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Minat yang sangat besar telah ditujukan pada sifat dasar dan insidensi dari penyakit gigi dan periodontal pada individu yang terinfeksi HIV. Bukti yang ada mengindikasikan bahwa penyakit-penyakit tersebut lebih sering terjadi pada pasien yang terinfeksi HIV melalui penggunaan<span style=""> </span>obat-obatan intravena.<span style=""> </span>Hal ini muncul untuk menghubungkan kurangnya oral hygiene dan dental care dibandingkan penurunan jumlah sel CD4. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Gingival dan periodontal manifestasi dapat ditemukan pada individu HIV positif.<span style=""> </span>Terdapat linear gingival erythema dan necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, keduanya berkembang secara cepat menjadi NUS atau NUP. Mengatur kondisi seperti ini harus melalui medical evaluation, termasuk penentuan status CD4.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Linear Gingival Erythema<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Erythematous gingivitis (LGE)<span style=""> </span>mudah berdarah, linear, dan bersifat persisten telah ditemukan pada pasien HIV-positif. LGE dapat atau tidak dapat berperan sebagai precursor untuk necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP). Mikroflora dari LGE lebih mirip organism yang terdapat pada periodontitis dibandingkan gingivitis. Lesi linear gingivitis dapat bersifat umum atau lokal.<b style=""> </b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Erithematous gingivitis memiliki ciri:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">a.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Terbatas pada jaringan yang kecil<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">b.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Meluas ke daerah attached gingiva dalam punctate atau diffuse erythema, atau<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN"><span style="">c.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">Meluas ke mucosa alveolar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IN">LGE biasanya tidak merespon terapi korektif, tetapi beberapa lesi dapat mengalami remisi secara spontan. Lesi oral candidiasis dan LGE telah diidentifikasikan , menunjukkan peran etiologis spesies candidiasis pada LGE. Baru-baru ini, kultur mikroskopik dari dari lesi LGE menunjukkan adanya <i style="">Candida dubliniensis </i>pada empat pasien, semua pasien ini mendapatkan remisi lengkap atau sebagian setelah terapi antifungal sistemik. Masih belum diketahui apakah infeksi candida merupakan etiologi pada seluruh kasus LGE. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IT">Daerah yang terinfeksi di scale dan polish . Irigasi subgingival dengan chlorhexidine atau povidone-iodine 10%. Pasien diinstruksikan untuk melaksanakan prosedur oral hygiene dengan teliti. Kondisi harus dievaluasi 2 sampai 3 minggu setelah terapi awal. Jika pasien komplain mengenai prosedur perawatan di rumah dan lesi tetap bertahan, ada kemungkinan terjadinya infeksi candida. Diragukan bahwa antifungi topikal akan mencapai dasar dari celah gingival. Sebagai konsekuensinya, perawatannya dengan pemberian antifungi sistemik seperti fluconazole selama 7 sampai 10 hari.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" lang="IT">Penting untuk diingat bahwa LGE mungkin sulit untuk ditangani. Jika demikian, pasien harus dimonitor dengan cermat apakah terdapat tanda-tanda perkembangan kondisi periodontal yang lebih berat (e.g., NUG, NUP, NUS). Pasien harus ditemui kembali setelah 2-3 bulan dan diberi perawatan kembali sesuai yang dibutuhkan. Seperti yang telah disebutkan, walaupun terdapat resistensi LGE terhadap terapi periodontal konvensional, remisi spontan juga dapat terjadi untuk alasan yang belum diketahui. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Beberapa laporan telah menunjukkan peningkatan insidensi dari necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis pada pasien penderita AIDS. Belum terdapat kesepakatan apakah insidensi dari NUG meningkat pada pasien HIV-positif. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Perawatan dasar terdiri dari pembersihan (cleaning) dan debridement dari area yang terinfeksi dengan menggunakan cotton pellet yang direndam dalam peroksida setelah pengaplikasian anestesi topikal. Bahan pembilas rongga mulut yang bersifat escharotic seperti hydrogen peroksida harus dihindari, bagaimanapun juga, untuk pasien manapun terutama kontraindikasi untuk individu imunokompromis. Pasien harus diperiksa setiap hari atau beberapa hari pada minggu pertama; debridement dilakukan tiap kunjungan, dan metode plak kontrol secara perlahan-lahan diperkenalkan. Ketelitian program plak kontrol harus dipakai dan dimulai saat sensitivitas dari area yang terinfeksi sudah memungkinkan<b style="">. </b>Setelah penyembuhan awal terjadi, pasien harus bisa menoleransi scaling dan root planning jika dibutuhkan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI">Pasien harus menghindari tembakau, alkohol, rempah-rempah. Dan diberikan obat kumur antimikroba seperti chlorhexidine gluconate 0,12%.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI">Antibiotik sistemik contohya metronidazole atau amoxicillin dapat diberikan pada pasien dengan destruksi jaringan sedang sampai berat, localized lymphadenopathy atau sindrom sistemik, atau keduanya. Pemberian obat antifungi sebagai prophylactic harus dipertimbangkan jika pasien diberikan antibiotik.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="FI">Periodontium harus direevaluasi 1 bulan setelah resolusi dari symptom akut untuk menilai hasil dari perawatan dan memutuskan apakah diperlukan perawatan lebih lanjut.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Bentuk periodontitis yang berkembang dengan cepat (progresif), nekrosis, dan berulser terjadi lebih sering pada individu HIV-positif, walaupun beberapa lesi telah dideskripsikan sebelum onset dari AIDS. NUP merupakan kelanjutan dari NUG dimana terjadi kehilangan tulang dan perlekatan periodontal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">NUP memiliki karakteristik adanya<span style=""> </span>nekrosis pada jaringan lunak, destruksi periodontal yang berlangsung cepat, dan kehilangan tulang interproksimal. Lesi dapat terjadi dimana saja pada lengkung gigi dan biasanya berada pada beberapa gigi, walaupun NUP general<b style=""> </b>kadang muncul setelah terjadinya penipisan sel CD4. Pada onsetnya NUP menimbulkan rasa sakit yang cukup kuat, dan pengobatan yang segera sangat dibutuhkan. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Riley dkk memeriksa 200 pasien HIV-positif dan menemukan 85 orang memiliki periodontal yang sehat; 59 gingivitis; 54 memiliki periodontitis ringan, sedang, advanced; dan hanya dua orang yang memiliki NUP.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Terapi untuk NUP antara lain <i style="">local debridement</i>, <i style="">scaling</i> dan <i style="">root planning,</i> <i style="">in-office irrigation</i> dengan agen antimikroba yang efektif contohnya chlorhexidine gluconate atau povidone-iodine (Betadine), dan meningkatkan oral <i style="">hygiene</i> termasuk penggunaan antimikroba <i style="">rinses</i> di rumah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Pada NUP hebat, terapi antibiotik mungkin dibutuhkan tetapi harus digunakan dengan perhatian pada pasien infeksi HIV untuk menghindari kemungkinan dan potensi serius dari candidiasis atau candidal septicemia.. Jika antibiotic dibutuhkan, yang menjadi obat terpilih adalah metronidazole ( 250mg, dengan dua tablet diminum langsung kemudian satu tablet empat kali sehari selama 5-7 hari). Agen antifungi topikal atau sistemik untuk prophylactic juga diberikan jika antibiotic digunakan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Necrotizing Ulcerative Stomatitis<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis</span></i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"> (NUS) dapat menyebabkan destruksi yang cukup kuat, bersifat akut, dan sakit telah dilaporkan terdapat pada pasien HIV-positif. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">NUS dikarakteristikkan oleh nekrosis beberapa area yang signifikan pada jaringan lunak mulut dan dasar tulang. Dapat terjadi secara terpisah atau sebagai lanjutan dari NUP dan biasanya berhubungan dengan depresi sel imun CD4 yang cukup parah. Kondisi ini identik dengan <i style="">cancrum oris</i> (noma), proses destruksi yang jarang terjadi seringkali ditemukan pada individu yang sangat kekurangan nutrisi, terutama di Afrika. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Perawatan untuk NUS termasuk antibiotik contohnya metronidazole dan penggunaan obat kumur antimikroba seperti chlorhexidine gluconate. Jika terdapat nekrosis tulang , biasanya dibutuhkan pengangkatan tulang tersebut untuk proses penyembuhan luka.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Chronic Periodontitis<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Banyak studi menyarankan bahwa individu HIV positif memiliki pengalaman <i style="">chronic periodontitis</i> dibandingkan populasi umum. Membandingkan frekuensi lesi oral dan penyakit periodontal antara individu HIV positif dan negatif, beberapa adalah IDU (<i style="">injection drugs users</i>). Mereka menyimpulkan bahwa <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">gaya</st1:place></st1:city> hidup IDU memiliki peran yang lebih besar pada penyakit mulut dibandingkan dengan individu status HIV. Mereka juga menemukan lesi yang konsisten pada lidah dengan <i style="">hairy leukoplakia</i> yang umumnya terjadi pada seropositif homoseksual males, sedangkan candidiasis oral dan LGE umumnya pada IDU. Adanya laporan lain bahwa insiden dan keganasan dari <i style="">chronic periodontitis </i>adalah sama pada grup HIV positif dan negatif. Klein at al mengevaluasi 181 heterosexual dengan AIDS dan menemukan persentase lebih besar pada wanita (91%) dibandingkan pria (73%) denan gingivitis atau periodontitis. Secara keseluruhan, beberapa heterosexual dengan AIDS hanya terkena gingivitis (70%). Sedangkan yang lain periodontitis hebat (27%)..<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Studi yang terkontrol dengan baik mengindikasikan resesi gingival dan kehilangan <i style="">attachment</i> sering terjadi pada grup HIV dibandikan grup yang lain dalam populasi umum. Ini menegaskan bahwa individu immunocompromised sedikit banyak mendertita chronic periodontitis dibandingkan dengan yang memiliki system imun kuat. Sebagian besar individu HIV positif memiliki riwayat gingivitis dan <i style="">chronic periodontitis</i> dalam kebiasaan yang sama<span style=""> </span>dengan populasi secara<span style=""> </span>umum. <span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">2.6.7<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span></b><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-GB">Protokol Perawatan Periodontal pada Pasien HIV<o:p></o:p></span></b></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Rongga mulut sering menjadi tempat dari manifestasi klinik dari penyakit tersebut. Kemampuan mengenali dan mengatur manifestasi oral penyakit ini sangat penting sebagai bagian dari praktek kedokteran gigi. Dokter gigi harus siap membantu pasien terinfeksi HIV dalam pemeliharaan kesehatan mulut dari penyakit tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Untuk keamanan dan efektivitas dalam terapi periodontal pada individu yang terinfeksi HIV, beberapa perawatan sangatlah penting.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Health Status</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Kesehatan pasien harus sesuai dengan riwayat kesehatan, evaluasi fisik, dan hasil konsultasi dengan psikolog. Perawatan akan bergantung pada tingkat kesehatan pasien contohnya, penundaan penyembuhan luka dan meningkatkan resiko infeksi setelah operasi memungkinkan adanya faktor komplikasi pada pasien AIDS. Sangatlah penting untuk mendapatkan informasi status imun pasien dengan menanyakan beberapa pertanyaan seperti berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB">Berapa level CD4+ T4 lymphocyte ?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Virus apa yang sedang menyerang ?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Sudah berapa lama infeksi HIV diidentifikasi? Apakah mungkin untuk mengidentifikasi perkiraan tanggal dari<span style=""> </span>original exposure?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Apakah terdapat sejarah penyalahgunaan obat, penyakit yang ditransmisikan secara seksual, infeksi multiple atau fakor lain yang mungkin mengubah respon imun? Sebagai contoh, apakah pasien memiliki sejarah menderita hepatitis B kronik, hepatitis C, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, defisiensi nutrisi atau insufisiensi<span style=""> </span>adrenocorticoid ?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style="">5.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Pengobatan/ obat apa yang sedang dilakukan/dikonnsumsi oleh pasien?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV"><span style="">6.<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Apakah pasien mendeskripsikan atau memperlihatkan efek samping ydari obat-obatan?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Infection Control Measures</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Manajemen klinis periodontal pasien infeksi HIV membutuhkan kedisiplinan dalam perawatan untuk membentuk metode <i style="">infection control</i>, berdasarkan ADA dan CDC. Terpenuhinya universal <i style="">precaution</i> akan mengeliminasi atau meminimalisir resiko pada pasien dan dental staff. Pasien imunokompromis memiliki potensi yang besar mendapat transmisi infeksi pada dental office atau fasilitas kesehatan lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Goals of Therapy</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Tujuan utama dari terapi adalah perbaikan dan pemeliharaan kesehatan mulut, kenyamanan dan fungsi. Minimal, tujuan periodontal <i style="">treatment </i>harus diarahkan langsung pada kontrol penyakit yang berasosiasi dengan HIV (HIV-assosiated mucosal disease) seperti <i style="">chronic candidiasis</i> dan <i style="">recurrent oral ulcerations</i>. Acute Periodontal dan Dental Infection harus ditangani dan pasien harus mendapatakan instruksi detail untuk melakukan prosedur <i style="">oral hygine</i> yang efektif. Konservatif, terapi periodontal tanpa pembedahan menjadi pilihan perawatan untuk pasien HIV positif, tetapi prosedur pembedahan periodontal pernah dilaporkan sukses mengobati pasien HIV positif. <i style="">Necrotizing ulcerative periodontal </i>(NUP) atau <i style="">Necrotizing ulcerative somatitis</i> (NUS) menyebabkan kerusakan hebat pada struktur periodontal, tapi sejarah dari kondisi seperti ini tidak otomatis membuat kita mengekstraksi gigi, kalau pasien tidak bisa atau tidak sanggup memelihara <i style="">oral hygine</i> khususnya di daerah yang terkena atau terinfeksi. Keputusan mengenai prosedur periodontal yang terpilih harus dibuat dengan izin pasien (<i style="">informed consent</i>) dan setelah konsultasi medik, jika memungkinkan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Maintenance Therapy</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"> <o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">Sangatlah penting bahwa<span style=""> </span>pasien harus menjaga<span style=""> </span><i style="">oral hygine</i>. Sebagai tambahan, kontrol untuk perawatan periodontal dilakukan dalam jangka waktu 2-3 bulan. Terapi dengan antibiotik sistemik harus terkonsultasi atau koordinasi dengan dokter sangat diperlukan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="SV">Psychological Factor</span></b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="SV">, infeksi HIV pada sel neural mempengaruhi fungsi otak dan menimbulkan outright dementia. Hal ini sangat mempengaruhi responsive pasien pada dental treatment. Bagaimanapun, faktor psikologis banyak ditemukan pada pasien yang terinfeksi HIV, walaupun lesi neuronal tidak ditemukan. Dengan penyakit seumur hidup ini, pada beberapa pasien dapat menimbulkan depresi, rasa gelisah, kemarahan, sehingga perawatan harus dilakukan dalam suasana rileks, tenang dan tingkat stress dari pasien harus minimum. Pasien dengan lesi oral dari infeksi HIV harus segera diberi tahu dan jika benar atau tepat harus ditanyakan mengenai riwayat HIV. Jika dokter gigi memilih melakukan tes untuk antibodi HIV maka pasien harus diberitahu. Pada keadaan atau situasi <i style="">inform consent</i> (IC) diperlukan sebelum melakukan tes.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> Anime Firehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17706945473275642779noreply@blogger.com0